Solutrean-Clovis Connection in American Colonization

The Solutrean-Clovis connection (more formally known as the North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor Hypothesis) is one theory of the peopling of the American continents that suggest  that the Upper Paleolithic Solutrean culture is ancestral to Clovis. This idea has its roots in the 19th-century  when archaeologists such as CC Abbott postulated that the Americas had been colonized by Paleolithic Europeans. After the Radiocarbon Revolution, however, this idea fell into disuse, only to be revived in the late 1990s by American archaeologists Bruce Bradley and Dennis Stanford. Bradley and Stanford argued that at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, ca 25,000–15,000 radiocarbon years ago, the Iberian peninsula of Europe became a steppe-tundra environment, forcing Solutrean populations to the coasts. Maritime hunters then traveled northward along the ice margin,  up the European coast, and around the North Atlantic Sea. Bradley and Stanford pointed out that the perennial Arctic ice at the time could have formed an ice bridge connecting Europe and North America. Ice margins have intense biological productivity  and would have provided a robust source of food and other resources. Cultural Similarities Bradley and Stanford further pointed out that there are similarities in the stone tools. Bifaces are systematically thinned with an overshot flaking method in both Solutrean and Clovis cultures. Solutrean leaf-shaped points are similar in outline and share some (but not all) Clovis construction techniques. Further, Clovis assemblages often include a cylindrical ivory shaft or point made from a mammoth tusk or the long bones of bison. Other bone tools were often included in both assemblages, such as needles and bone shaft straighteners. However, U.S. archaeologist Metin Eren (2013) has commented that the similarities between controlled overshot flaking method for bifacial stone tool manufacture are accidental. Based on his own experimental archaeology, overshot flaking is a natural product created incidentally and inconsistently as a part of biface thinning. Evidence supporting the Solutrean theory of Clovis colonization includes two artifacts—a bi-pointed stone blade and mammoth bone—which are said to have been dredged from the eastern American continental shelf in 1970 by the scalloping boat Cin-Mar. These artifacts found their way into a museum, and the bone was subsequently dated to 22,760  RCYBP. However, according to research published by Eren and colleagues in 2015, the context for this important set of artifacts is completely missing: without a firm context, archaeological evidence is not credible.   Caches One piece of supporting evidence cited in Stanford and Bradleys 2012 book, Across Atlantic Ice, is the use of caching. A cache is defined as a tightly clustered deposit of artifacts that containing little or no manufacturing debris or residential debris, artifacts which appear to have been deliberately buried at the same time. For these ancient site types, caches are typically made up of stone or bone/ivory tools.   Stanford and Bradley suggest that only Clovis (such as Anzick, Colorado and East Wenatchee, Washington) and Solutrean (Volgu, France) societies are known to have cached objects before 13,000 years ago. But there are pre-Clovis caches in Beringia (Old Crow Flats, Alaska, Ushki Lake, Siberia), and pre-Solutrean caches in Europe (Magdalenian Gà ¶nnersdorf and Andernach sites in Germany). Problems with Solutrean/Clovis The most prominent opponent of the Solutrean connection is American anthropologist Lawrence Guy Straus. Straus points out that the LGM forced people out of western Europe into southern France and the Iberian peninsula by about 25,000 radiocarbon years ago. There were no people at all living north of the Loire Valley of France during the Last Glacial Maximum, and no people in the southern part of England until after about 12,500 BP. The similarities between Clovis and Solutrean cultural assemblages are far outweighed by the differences. Clovis hunters were not users of marine resources, either fish or mammal; the Solutrean hunter-gatherers used land-based hunting supplemented by littoral and riverine but not oceanic resources. Most tellingly, the Solutreans of the Iberian peninsula lived 5,000 radiocarbon years earlier and 5,000 kilometers directly across the Atlantic from the Clovis hunter-gatherers.   PreClovis and Solutrean Since the discovery of credible Preclovis sites, Bradley and Stanford now argue for a Solutrean origin of Preclovis culture. The diet of Preclovis was definitely more maritime-oriented, and the dates are closer in time to Solutrean by a couple of thousand years—15,000 years ago instead of Cloviss 11,500, but still short of 22,000. Preclovis stone technology is not the same as Clovis or Solutrean technologies, and the discovery of ivory beveled foreshafts at the Yana RHS site in Western Beringia has further lessened the strength of the technology argument. Finally, and perhaps most compellingly, there is a growing body of molecular evidence from modern and ancient indigenous American people indicating that the original population of the Americas have an Asian, and not a European, origin. Sources Borrero, Luis Alberto. Ambiguity and Debates on the Early Peopling of South America. PaleoAmerica 2.1 (2016): 11-21. Print.Boulanger, Matthew T., and Metin I. Eren. On the Inferred Age and Origin of Lithic Bi-Points from the Eastern Seaboard and Their Relevance to the Pleistocene Peopling of North America. American Antiquity 80.1 (2015): 134-45. Print.Bradley, Bruce, and Dennis Stanford. The North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor: A Possible Palaeolithic Route to the New World. World Archaeology 36.4 (2004): 459-78. Print.Buchanan, Briggs, and Mark Collard. Investigating the Peopling of North America through Cladistic Analyses of Early Paleoindian Projectile Points. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26 (2007): 366–93. Print.Eren, Metin I., Matthew T. Boulanger, and Michael J. OBrien. The Cinmar Discovery and the Proposed Pre-Late Glacial Maximum Occupation of North America. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2.0 (2015): 708-13. Print.Kilby, J. David. A North American Pe rspective on the . Quaternary International  (2018). Print.Volgu Biface Cache from Upper Paleolithic France and Its Relationship to the â€Å"Solutrean Hypothesis† for Clovis OriginsOBrien, Michael J., et al. On Thin Ice: Problems with Stanford and Bradleys Proposed Solutrean Colonisation of North America. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 606-13. Print.OBrien, Michael J., et al. Solutreanism. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 622-24. Print.Stanford, Dennis, and Bruce Bradley. Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of Americas Clovis Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012. Print.Straus, Lawrence Guy, David Meltzer, and Ted Goebel. Ice Age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis ‘Connection’. World Archaeology 37.4 (2005): 507-32. Print.

The Newman Essay - 1278 Words

Nguyen Nguyen Professor David English 100 11 Sep 2014 Does Newman thesis affect the Society? Should students require going to university? Is university the best place for students to become successful person with value job? According to Newman, he believes that students require studying in the university because it is the place to train the intellect and prepare for their future. Moreover, Newman considers that students should study all subjects in the college because these all branches of knowledge are connected together and relate together. When people read the Newman Idea, most people will agree with Newman Idea because the education is very important; and universities have a good educated environment which provides for students. I†¦show more content†¦They still have their own life such as working to support their family and taking care of their children. If students spend a long time in universities, they will not have enough time in order to make money to support their own life. The more time students spend in college, th e more money they have to pay. For example, international students have to pay more than two hundred fifty dollars per units. Studying cost a lot of money. Furthermore, some subject is not necessary for students. For example, some students study art, which require for General Education degree, will waste their time if their major is business. Students who study business will waste their time if they study music, art, and dance. These subjects cannot help for their major in the future. In summary, general education is wasting students’ time and money. University should not have many general education requirements in the university. Secondly, the government will not have enough budgets to support for students who have low income. The more students in the college are the more budgets the government has to spend out to support. 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Playstation 2 Essay Example For Students

Playstation 2 Essay Late this summer, Sony will release its brainchild product dubbed PlayStation2. This is a follow up to its predecessor PlayStation1. If you are familiar with the video game entertainment market, its usual that a company releases a new console every 4 to 5 years. The Playstation2 is expected to revolutionize the video gaming industry in ways never imagined before. Who would have thought we would be able to watch DVDs on our video game player? Soon this summer we will be able to. How about connecting to the net and going online to play a buddy or just any competitor in California? Feel like downloading some mp3s? The new PlayStation2 will let you do all these things and more.PlayStation2 will offer a variety of different ways of using their machine. Not only can you play revolutionizing games, but you can shop through your computer. Sony will offer in 2001 a connection to the Internet in which you can just surf the web. As I have mentioned, Sony has formatted the PlayStation2 to able to play DVD videos along with its games. One of the greatest things about the PlayStation2 is that you can play all your old Playstation1 games on it! Finally! After years and years of this backwards compatibility being in the dark, it is now possible with the PlayStation2. Not only your old games, but even your old controllers, memory cards and wires are going to be fully compatible with the system. The PlayStation2 is expected to beat out its predecessor in every way including the books.Playstation1 accounted for 40% of all of Sonys profits in 1998. As of the first weekend of sales in Japan, Playstation2 had sold 980,000 units. All in one weekend! The lone fairly new competition that will be on the market before Playstation2 is the Sega Dreamcast. This was released in 1999 and has sold 4 million units since its release. Figure 4 million units in 52-weeks and then look at PlayStation2s numbers in Japan on one weekend. Playstation2 will be extremely succesful because of it almost cult like following. In a recent study, a conclusion was made that 1 in four homes have a Playstation. That is close to 25 million units sold in the US alone. This all adds up to the 70 million units total sold in the world. And now the product is just more sellable with the DVD, Internet, and backwards compatibility available. Suggested Retail Price (Japan) 39,800 Yen ($370) Accessories included: Dual Shock2 analog controller Dimensions: 301mm (W) x 178mm (H) x 78mm (D) (12 x 7 x 3) Media: PlayStation2 CD-ROM, DVD-ROM Formats supported: Audio CD, DVD-Video PlayStation2 Basic Specifications and Features Number of Voices 48ch plus software Clock Frequency 33.8688MHz or 36.864MHz (Selectable) Bibliography:http://www.playstation.com

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay Example

Used Cars What main factor that affects the price of a second hand car Essay A number of factors such as age, mileage and engine size all affect the second hand price of car but the factor that I feel affects the price most is mileage the car has done. I believe this to be true because as a car travels more and more miles the engine and the other parts of the car have lot of strain put on them and so begin to wear, which then makes the car less and less reliable. Therefore this is apparent in the second price of the car.The price spread of the small sized cars will be the smallest. This is because the engine size range of the car small sized cars is quite small and as the small sized cars to not depreciate fast. The large sized car will have the largest price spread, as the engine size range is the biggest and also because luxury cars that are quite expensive tend to have large engines sizes. That is why the price of the large sized cars will be greatest.Small sized cars depreciate a lot slower in price than large engine sized cars. I believe this because sma ll sized cars have a fairly low price any way and so the price of those cars wont drop as dramatically as others. Also small sized cars have a bigger demand than large cars as large cars are more expensive to maintain and run.IntroductionIn this investigation I will collect information on a sample of cars from a used car database and then present this data many ways such as scatter graphs and cumulative frequency graphs. I will do this to find out what is the main factor that factors the second hand price of a car. Factors that can affect the second hand price of a car are as follows:AgeA car that is five years old will cost less then the same car which is less than a year old as the five year old car has had more wear and tear so will not be as reliable as it was before, so this will lower its price on sale.MakeA prestigious make car will cost more than a car that is not so prestigious, even if they have the similar specifications as the prestigious car is very much sort and signif ies the owners wealth and status.ModelA newer model car will cost more than older model car that has gone out of production as the newer model is more safe and is packed with the latest technology where as the older model will have out dated safety features and technology so would not be in as much demand so the older model will have to sell for less.OptionsThe options put on a car determine the price of it, such as a car with low-profile Alloy wheels, Satellite navigation, Upgraded Audio System etc, will sell for a higher price compared to the same car but with standard options as the car with all the upgraded features is more sort after and more impressive than the basic car.MileageA car with a high mileage will sell for a lower price compared to a similar car with a low mileage because a high mileage means more wear on the engine which will reduce the performance and reliability of the car.Engine sizeThe engine size of a second hand car can affect it price. As a small engine car would have less power and do more mile to the gallon than a larger engine car with more power but less miles to the gallon.ColourThe colour of a car could affect its second hand price, for example a car that is bright pink in colour will appeal to less people compared to a more moderate coloured silver car.In my investigation I will be looking at how the Mileage, Age and Engine size of a second hand car affect its price. I have chosen these factors to investigation as I think they are the most relevant to the price of a car and the most important things to consider when purchasing a second hand car.Obtaining a sample of carsFrom the database of used cars I will collect a sample of 50 cars. I will only use 50 cars in this investigation as I feel that this is enough to get a good outcome from. If the sample I take is too big it will be too had to work with and if the sample is to small then I wont get I reliable outcome.First I will have spilt the database into groups of small, medium and large sized cars. I will do this so that I can get a sample of cars that covers the range of car sizes and is not concentrated in one particular size of cars. In order to get a reliable sample of cars I will take a stratified sample of 50 cars. This means that the ratio of the different sized cars in the sample of 50 cars will have to be as in the database.To insure that the sample I take is random and fair, I will first give every car in the database a unique number to identify each by, then I will use the random button on a calculator to pick out the cars in will use in my sample.What is meant by small, medium, and large size car?The cars in the used car database are split into groups by the size of their engines. Small cars having an engine size of 1500cc or lower. Medium cars having an engine size that is between 1800cc and 1500cc. Large cars having engines greater than 1800cc.Presenting and analysing the sample of carsFrom the sample of cars I hope to test the hypothesis t hat have been stated previously and see if they are correct. To do this I have to interpret and analyse the sample of cars in many different ways. I will put the cars ages against the price, mileage against price and engine size against the price.Using the data collected from the sample of cars I will plot scatter diagrams for, age against price, mileage against price and engine size against price. I will then draw a line of best fit on each scatter diagram in order to able to estimate the prices of others cars, as the line of best fit will show the trend in the second hand price of the cars against each of the factors. Also the line of best fit on the scatter graphs will show which size of car depreciates the fastest.From the scatter diagrams I hope to see that the factors of mileage and age have a negative correlation with the second hand price of the cars. As these factors increases, the second hand price of cars should decrease. This should be apparent in the scatter diagrams of these two factors against the second hand price of the cars. In contrast to this, the scatter diagram with engine size against the second price I believe should show a positive correlation, in other words as the engine size of a car increases so should the price.After using the scatter diagrams, I will use Spearmans rank correlation coefficient to present the data. I will be using spearmans because it will show how strong the correlations are as it will measure it on a scale. The data will be measured on a scale from -1 to +1. -1 being perfect (100%) negative correlation, +1 being perfect (100%) positive correlation and 0 being no correlation. Using spearmans rank correlation coefficient will man it will be easy see which factor has a best agreement with the price of second hand car.I will use cumulative frequency graphs and box plots to analyse the prices of the different size cars groups in the sample of cars. I will use it to see how big the inter-quartile range of each group is and also where the median fits in the cumulative frequency graphs. From looking at how big the inter-quartile range and bow plots are of each size of car I will be able to tell how big the spread in price is.Hopefully from using the methods mentioned previously about how I am going to handle the data I will be able to make a conclusion and find out the main factor that affects the price of a second hand car. Also I will be able to find out which car size has the biggest price spread and depreciation.Sample of carsIn order to carry out this investigation, I will need to collect a sample of 50. the reasons for collecting a sample of 50 cars I have already explained previously. So now I am going to actually collect the sample of 50 cars.First, as I want to collect a stratified sample of 50 cars, the number of different size cars, small, medium and large cars has to be proportionally representative of the whole population of cars in the used car database from I am collecting my sample of cars.There are a total of 251 cars in the database.69 Small cars90 medium cars92 Large carsTotal number of cars = 251So the ratio is,69:89:92Now to find how this ratio of cars that should be in the sample of 50 cars,Small cars:(50 / 250) x 69 = 13.8Medium cars:(50 / 250) x 89 = 17.8Large cars:(50 / 250) x 92 = 18.4In the sample of 50 cars there need to be:14 Small cars18 Medium cars18 Large carsNow that I now the proportions of the different sized cars that are meant to be in the sample I can go on to select the cars from the database. I am going to do this buy giving every car in the database a number. Then I am going to use the random button to pick out the right amount of cars from each category that I need in my sample. Then after doing this I will the car into a table.Below is the sample of 50 cars that I selected.SAMPLE IDENTITY NO.ENGINE TYPEENGINE SIZE (cc)MILEAGEAGEPRICE1SMALL110040000529952SMALL110027000263993SMALL120046000524004SMALL120017395149995SMALL12002760173996SM ALL130019880244997SMALL130051000534958SMALL140040087999SMALL140035480799910SMALL1400124702719911SMALL140095401929912SMALL1400196903619913SMALL15008000011200014SMALL1595980007349515MEDIUM1600190001579916MEDIUM1600417604469917MEDIUM1600693011019918MEDIUM1600179002609919MEDIUM1600249003629920MEDIUM16001001149921MEDIUM1700492605699922MEDIUM1700220702599923MEDIUM1799365345699924MEDIUM1800186202919925MEDIUM1800172003999926MEDIUM1800495894549927MEDIUM1800494011739928MEDIUM1800292001489929MEDIUM1800677803869930MEDIUM1800800007500031MEDIUM1800493011329932MEDIUM1800197701859933LARGE19001732021019934LARGE19001819011559935LARGE1900650004829536LARGE19001416001469937LARGE2000232942899938LARGE20001313011069939LARGE2000255204569940LARGE20002742011819941LARGE20001287911129942LARGE20001434521499943LARGE2000234903699944LARGE22002305021969945LARGE22001112021299946LARGE2300927911299947LARGE25003700021395048LARGE250030002699949LARGE2800534404899950LARGE390025000418000Scatter graphs to show depreciationBe low are three scatter graphs that I have plotted to show which size of car depreciates the fastest and which size of car hold it is value longest.On these graph I also plotted lines of best fit as through finding the equation of the line I can then figure the depreciation.Scatter graphsFrom the first three scatter graphs I was able to analyse the data from the sample of cars. All three factors Engine size, Mileage and Age were put against the second hand price. I did in order to find out how each factor affects the second hand price of a car. Below are the findings from the scatter graphs.What do the Scatter graphs illustrate?Most basically the scatter graphs show that as the Engine size of cars increase so too does the second hand price of the cars. Also when the mileage and age of cars increase so too does the second hand price of cars.Scatter Graph 1Scatter graph 1 on page 7 shows that the engine size has a positive correlation with the second hand price of a car. This means that as the engine size increases so too does the price. Looking at the points on the scatter graph, it shows that quite clear that this is true. As the scatter graph also shows that some cars with the same engine size have different prices it means that there are other factors that too affect the price. Even though other factors do also affect the second hand price of a car the scatter graph clearly demonstrates that engine size is a major factor. The mean point is in the middle of where most of the points are concentrated and alongside the line of best fit on the graph. Through this the mean point suggest that the price of cars with different engine sized isnt that far spread and also this is suggested the scatter graph because most of the points are concentrated quite near each other. Using the line of best fit that is also on the scatter graph I can use it to estimate the value of other cars with different engine sizes. Estimating the value of a car that has an engine size that woul d fit in where most of the sample of cars are concentrated on scatter graph would give a reliable estimate value of the car because there is already data on the scatter graph that would suggest this value. Where if the engine size of car was more towards where there arent many cars on the graph then the estimate value of the car wouldnt be that accurate as there isnt enough data on the scatter graph of similar cars. For example estimating the value of a car that has the engine size 1500cc, which from the line of best fit shows that the price could be around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,500 would be accurate.Scatter graph 2Scatter graph 2 on page 8 shows there is a negative correlation between the second hand price and mileage of car. The points of data from the sample of cars on the scatter graph show that there is agreement between the data the second hand price is more wide spread as the points are fairly loose and spread. Also the scatter graph suggest that where the mileage is fairly small the value of the fall in price of car is quite steep, but the mile age gets higher the point of data start to be even more spread and varied showing that the fall in price slows. From looking at the mean point on the scatter graph it can be seen that it is right next to the line of best, where also most of the points of data is situated. This means that the line of best is precise and reliable.Also as I have mentioned in the analysis of scatter graph 1, the line of best fit can be used to estimate the value of other cars.Scatter graph 3Scatter graph 3 on page 9 shows that thee is negative correlation between the second hand price and age on a car, which means that as the car ages the value of the car begins to fall. The line of best fit shows that there is a similar trend towards the price in this scatter graph as well as scatter graph 2. the scatter graph shows there are some with the same age that have different second hand values, which would mean that there are also other factors a cting upon the value of the cars. From looking at the scatter graph it can be seen that the more newer a car is the higher its price is, but there are also some outliers on the scatter graph which still hold their value with age. This would suggest that these cars are more prestigious upmarket cars such as a Bentley or a limited edition car where as they age the value becomes higher due to their rarity. The mean point that I also plotted on the scatter graph shows the line of best fits is accurate as the mean point is next to it. The line of best shows that the value of a car will go into the minuses at the age of 10, but this cant be true because there is a point on the scatter graph that shows that there is a car which is 11 years old and has a value around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000. So instead of having a line of best fit there should be a curve of best fit which would tail off towards the end.DepreciationI have also plotted three other scatter graphs in order to look at depreciation of t he different sizes of cars. Through constructing a line of best fit on each scatter graph I am able to use them to calculate the depreciation. To use the line of best fit to calculate the deprecation you need to find the equation of the line.So first of all the gradient of the lines are needed,Gradient = Vertical heightDistance acrossSpearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter using scatter graphs to analyse the correlation between each factor and priceI want to use Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient to get a more accurate reading on the correlations.Using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficientAfter ranking the factors I can put each factor against the second hand price by using Spearmans Rank correlation coefficient formula which is,rs = 1 6?d2n(n2-1)rs is the measure of the agreement between the two fieldsd is the difference between corresponding ranksn is the number of data pairs.In order to carry out Spearmans Rank correlation I will need to rank the data to find the dif ference between the factors. After ranking the data I will compare engine size against price, mileage against price and age against price. This will show how strong the correlation between the two factors is.The table below shows the corresponding ranks of each car.Engine size rankMileage rankage rankPrice rank1.5394531.53525.5174414524201384413226.5444546.52725.569.82534159.81325.5219.863.5239.823.5279.81113311348.5501145048.5517.54039.5717.524131217.52125.51417.532341617.591333.517.513.53721.52825.51321.5424519233745192848.548.59284339.5102826132528473426282325.5302818343228713402853.543288134634.54639.52434.51925.533.534.5163.54234.5221345403439.51140313419403025.528.54015133540141336401725.5444036134844.51225.538.544.52925.54946101338.547.53825.54147.533.550494539.528.5503339.547Engine size against PriceEngine size rankPrice rankdd21.53-1.52.251.517-15.5240.25422448-416422-183246.542.56.256.560.50.259.815-5.227.049.821-11.2125.449.823-13.2174.249.827-17.2295.849.831-21.2449.4413 11214414598117.5710.5110.2517.5125.530.2517.5143.512.2517.5161.52.2517.533.5-1625617.537-19.5380.2521.5138.572.2521.5192.56.252319416289193612810183242825392826242830-242832-4162840-121442843-152252846-1832434.52410.5110.2534.533.51134.542-7.556.2534.545-10.5110.254011298414019214414028.511.5132.25403552540364164044-4164048-86444.538.563644.549-4.520.254638.57.556.2547.5416.542.2547.550-2.56.254928.520.5420.255047396590Mileage against PriceMileage rankPrice rankdd239336129635171832441239152120812144422-18324444401600276214412515101001321-864623-17289227-256251131-2040048.5147.52256.255054520254073310892412121442114749321616256933.5-24.5600.25137-36129628131522542192352937191832448.5939.51560.2543103310892625114726214412330-7491832-14196740-331089543-381444846-3814444624224841933.5-14.5210.251642-266762245-235293411235293119121443028.51.52.251535-204001436-224841744-277293648-121441238.5-26.5702.252949-204001038.5-28.5812.253841-39350-4722094528.516.5272.253347-1419632167Age against PriceAge rankPrice rankdd245342176425.5178.572.254524318491385251322-98145441168125.5619.5380.2534151936125.5214.520.253.523-19.5380.253.527-23.5552.251331-1832450149240148.5543.51892.2539.5732.51056.2513121125.51411.5132.253416183241333.5-20.5420.253.537-33.51122.2525.51312.5156.2545192667645192667648.5939.51560.2539.51029.5870.251325-12144342686425.530-4.520.253432241340-277293.543-39.51560.251346-33108939.52415.5240.2525.533.5-8643.542-38.51482.251345-32102439.51128.5812.2534191522525.528.5-391335-224841336-2352925.544-18.5342.251348-35122525.538.5-1316925.549-23.5552.251338.5-25.5650.2525.541-15.5240.253.550-46.52162.2539.528.51112139.547-7.556.2532777What does Spearmans Rank Correlation show?Spearmans shows that the findings from each scatter graph is correct as they match what spearmans shows.Here I placed my findings from using spearmans on a scale to the correlation.Engine size against PriceThe correlation between Engine size and price was 0.6835534214 which was the stronges t correlation against price out of all the factors. This showed that there is definitely a link between engine size and the price. Which means that as the engine size increases so too does the price.Mileage against PriceSpearmans showed that the correlation between Engine size and price was-0.5446338535. This is fairly strong which also means that the agreement between the two was very good and that they are related as suggested before with the scatter graphs. This shows that as Mileage increases the price of a car decreases.Age against PriceAge against price had a correlation of -0.57392557, which is still also moderately strong. As the number was a minus it showed that there is a negative correlation between the two factors, meaning that the age of cars increases the values of the car decrease.After looking at scatter graphs to handle the data it showed how the factors affected the price of second hand car and also showed if there was a negative or positive correlation. The scatte r graphs showed that Engine size had a positive correlation with price and that Mileage and price had a negative correlation with price. After this I wanted to find out how strong the correlation between the factors price in order to see which factor had the biggest affect on price so I used Spearmans. This also showed the same overview of the findings as the scatter graphs and also which factor had the strongest correlation. From spearmans I gathered that engine size is the main factor that affects the second hand price of a car. After engine size age was the next biggest factor then mileage.Cumulative frequencyNow that I have found what affect the value of a second hand car the most the looked at depreciation I can go on to look at which size of car has the biggest price spread and see how the prices in the different sizes range. To do this I construct cumulative frequency tables, graphs and box plots.RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000112000 p ? 3000233 000 p ? 4000254000 p ? 5000275000 p ? 6000076000 p ? 7000297000 p ? 80003128000 p ? 90001139000 p ? 10000114Cumulative frequency tablesRangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000225000 p ? 6000356000 p ? 7000497000 p ? 8000098000 p ? 90002119000 p ? 1000021310000 p ? 1100021511000 p ? 1200001512000 p ? 1300001513000 p ? 1400011614000 p ? 1500011715000 p ? 1600001716000 p ? 1700001717000 p ? 18000118RangeFrequencyCumulative frequency0 p ? 1000001000 p ? 2000002000 p ? 3000003000 p ? 4000004000 p ? 5000005000 p ? 6000116000 p ? 7000127000 p ? 8000028000 p ? 9000359000 p ? 100000510000 p ? 110002711000 p ? 120001812000 p ? 1300021013000 p ? 1400011114000 p ? 1500021315000 p ? 1600011416000 p ? 1700001417000 p ? 1800011518000 p ? 1900011619000 p ? 2000011720000 p ? 2100001721000 p ? 2200001722000 p ? 2300001723000 p ? 2400001724000 p ? 2500001725000 p ? 2600001726000 p ? 2700 0118After constructing frequency tables I can move on to plotting a graph and plotting box plots to analyse to data.What I found out from using cumulative frequencyThe results from the Cumulative frequency graphs combined with the Box plots show the spread of price between the car sizes.The box plot on the small engine sized cars shows that the range of prices of the cars is very compact and relatively small compared to the other sizes of cars. From looking at the median of the inter-quartile range it can be seen that most of the prices of the cars are situated in a similar region of price and do not stray way too far from each other.The box plot on the medium engine sized cars shows a quite different story from the small cars. Here the inter-quartile range is far away from the highest priced car in the engine size which means that a few of the cars were priced more than the others. Also as the median is situated nearer to the low quartile than the upper quartile it shows that most of the cars most have been priced in this lower band of prices.Clearly looking at the box plots for the large engine sizes cars shows that these sizes of car have the most diverse range of price which could mean that they affected by many different factors. The median shows that prices were most of the car prices are concentrated towards the upper band of prices.ConclusionAfter looking at the sample of data in many different ways I can now come to a conclusion about my findings and if the hypothesises at the start was correct or not. My hypothesis which stated that mileage was the main factor that affected the price of a second hand was wrong as the result from this investigation have showed. I found that it was engine size that had the largest affect over price of a car as both spearmans and the scatter graphs showed this as it had the strongest relationship with the price. Mileage and age came out to have very similar affects of price but still age was found to be just that bit mo re important to price than mileage. Perhaps if I looked at a another sample of cars I will find that mileage has a bigger affect on price than age as I still believe this to so.I have found that my second hypothesis in which I stated that small cars have the smallest spread in price to be true and correct. Through looking at cumulative frequency graphs and box plots for the different sizes of cars I can see that small cars do have a small spread where most of the car prices are concentrated. Where as large cars have very varied price ranging from quite low to high, this is apparent in its box plot it is very big com pared to the other two.In relation to my third hypothesis I can now say that this is also not true as a I have found out that in this sample of cars that I took large cars seem to hold their strongest not depreciate in value as fast as medium or small carsOverall I feel that this investigation has been a great success as I have managed to find the answers I was looking f or at the start. I didnt have mush trouble with this investigation, but only that it was fairly confusing to get started as there a lot of data handling to be done.ImprovementsImprovements that could be made to this investigation are as follows,Using as sample of cars that had even numbers of each size of car.When looking at the cumulative frequency using small intervals to plot the graph as this will help analysing the data.Looking at cars with greater mileages and investigating more factor that could possibly affect the second hand price of a car.

Going to the X-Stream Case Study free essay sample

After graduating college with an information technology degree, Reihana inherited a substantial amount of money. With investments from multiple family members amp; coupled with his inheritance, Reihana launched X-Stream. X-Stream is a technology company that assembles personal computers and sells them through chain stores amp; independent retailers throughout New Zealand and Australia. The company gained a reputation for having â€Å"quality hardware, customized products, excellent delivery times, and after-sales service† (McShane amp;Von Glinow, 2013). In six short years, X-Stream has grown into a top technology company and was growing fast. â€Å"Gil believed that major decisions should be made by consensus and that individuals should then be empowered to implement these decisions in their own way† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Initially meeting with his staff and discussing their current job status, performance, goals, ambitions, and future plans was something he made a point to do at least once a year. We will write a custom essay sample on Going to the X-Stream Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the company continued to grow, it became increasingly more difficult for Reihana to continue conducting these one-on-one meetings with his staff, so senior management was put in charge of this task for their individual departments. Unfortunately, Reihana did not keep encourage his senior staff to perform the meetings regularly; he was not even sure if they actually performed the meetings at all or if they were working. In an attempt to keep in contact with his non-management staff, he would occasionally eat with them in the cafeteria. Reihana’s senior management team was made up of various professionals with varying ideas of how their department and the company should be run. Much of the staff was extremely headstrong and more boisterous than other members. Denise Commins, chief financial officer was â€Å"quiet, methodical, and very patient† amp; â€Å"her superb interpersonal skills complemented a highly analytical mind† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Commins was the go-to person throughout the company when work and/or personal issues arose. Don Head, marketing manager, â€Å"was considered a ruthless operator† and seemed to be more trouble than he was worth (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Yet he contributed to the continuous rising sales and was a marketing guru. Jason Palu, production manager, â€Å"was a soft-spoken man† who worked hard to get to his current position (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although revered for his expertise and efficiency, his autocratic mindset left many of his staff jaded. Heather Berkowitz, chief webpage designer, had a very eclectic work lifestyle. She dressed provocatively, had blue hair, and seldom arrived to work before 11:00am. Yet, like many of the others, her quality and quantity of work outweighed her undoubtedly unprofessional demeanor. With this extremely diverse group and the lack of a formal structure, one can see how conflict can and will easily arise. The company is developing a â€Å"top-of-the-range laptop scheduled to launch in two-weeks’ time,† but Jason wants the timetable pushed back until all of the glitches are worked out. Don, on the other hand, is adamant about keeping the current launch date do in part to the spokesperson he procured who will not be available during the time frame Jason has suggested. This issue has caused a major break in the already fragile working environment. Don has begun a crusade to persuade any and every one he can, through bribes and promises, to take his side. Another issue is with Ramesh Patel, head of e-business applications, who worked with a friend on a new software program. What he thought was done as a favor, was later billed to the company as a $25,000 consultancy fee. Jason Palu’s research and development manager wanted to quit, Jason and Don wanted more money in their respective departments, and to add to an already stressful workplace, the human resources manager has suggested implementing a more structured and professional workplace atmosphere that involves a performance management system; many of the managers strongly oppose this suggestion. Each one of these issues individually could be the demise of a very successful company, but combined, could be catastrophic. The umbrella issue in this organization is leadership. Gil Reihana has a very relaxed approach to managing his employees. He gives more freedom than necessary, which in turn has caused many of his senior management team to feel entitled to behave in any manner they see fit. They have taken advantage of his lack-luster performance as a leader. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness of the organizations of which they are members† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana does not seem to display any of these characteristics. His senior management team has taken leadership roles beyond just their department. Reihana does not seem to have the control, influence, or respect that a leader should have and deserves. Reihana works from a more servant leadership perspective which explains his one-on-one meetings with his staff about their personal development and why he is so accepting of his current workplace. He wants his employees to flourish as they see fit regardless of the impact it may or may not have on the company. Yet his management team operates on a warped version of shared leadership. Leadership is distributed broadly, each department having a manager that is allowed to run and maintain his or her employees as they see fit, but the departments and the company as a whole do not work together to attain the company’s ultimate goals. Every manager has a singular mindset that undermines Reihana’s business model. Reihana also lacks authentic leadership, which is defined as, â€Å"the view that effective leaders need to be aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana runs his business in a manner that caters to his senior management team, not he or the business as a whole. He wants everyone to feel empowered and important by inviting all employees to the weekly meetings, but has given no real structure for that to happen and seems to give in and accept what is being presented to him without thought. Conflict has erupted throughout every department and in almost every level of the business do in part to the varying leadership styles displayed. Conflict is â€Å"the process in which one party perceives that its interest are being opposed or negatively affected by another party† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although there are some positive consequences to conflict, X-Stream is only experiencing the negative. Management is wasting time calling meetings (that many people do not attend), no one is willing to talk and share their ideas or solutions, the office itself is becoming more tense, and the team is separating between to parties involved.

Free Essays on Career Decision

Discuss the factors that influenced your career decisions to date. Also discuss your career plans and why you want to obtain an MBA. Since I was four years old, my father has left my mother and I for Indonesia to start his textile company. He has come back to Singapore once for a year. In order to enhance our relationship, we used to talk over the phone. As early as when I was Grade 8, I possessed my first computer for the main purpose of sending electronic mail to my father. From that time, using the Internet has captured most of my spare time. In the summer of 1992, I had a valuable chance of volunteering in the library to assist people using computers to look for the books or to get access on the Internet. At the same time, my father's business had been suffering from keen competition and out-dated machines for two years. He then started to automate the production line by investing in new innovated technologies, and hiring some technicians. When I visited him, the new automated production line and the whole computerized firm amused me, because this was the system that rescued my father's business. Since then, m y interest in information technology has been ever growing. After I came to Canada, I even use electronic mail and ICQ to communicate with my parent, and choose MIS as my core course. I found that IT is so powerful that it not only helps companies become more competitive, but also bridges people ocean apart. This arouses my desire to work in IT industry. Second, self-satisfaction also affects my career decision. Although monetary reward is practically important in reality, opportunity to learn and job prospect are even more crucial factors for me to be really happy and satisfied. I like learning new skills and acquiring up-dated information, because they can help me adapt the fast-changing world, enrich my experiences, explore my interest, and give me higher self-esteem as I am a valuable person. In addition, a job with ... Free Essays on Career Decision Free Essays on Career Decision Discuss the factors that influenced your career decisions to date. Also discuss your career plans and why you want to obtain an MBA. Since I was four years old, my father has left my mother and I for Indonesia to start his textile company. He has come back to Singapore once for a year. In order to enhance our relationship, we used to talk over the phone. As early as when I was Grade 8, I possessed my first computer for the main purpose of sending electronic mail to my father. From that time, using the Internet has captured most of my spare time. In the summer of 1992, I had a valuable chance of volunteering in the library to assist people using computers to look for the books or to get access on the Internet. At the same time, my father's business had been suffering from keen competition and out-dated machines for two years. He then started to automate the production line by investing in new innovated technologies, and hiring some technicians. When I visited him, the new automated production line and the whole computerized firm amused me, because this was the system that rescued my father's business. Since then, m y interest in information technology has been ever growing. After I came to Canada, I even use electronic mail and ICQ to communicate with my parent, and choose MIS as my core course. I found that IT is so powerful that it not only helps companies become more competitive, but also bridges people ocean apart. This arouses my desire to work in IT industry. Second, self-satisfaction also affects my career decision. Although monetary reward is practically important in reality, opportunity to learn and job prospect are even more crucial factors for me to be really happy and satisfied. I like learning new skills and acquiring up-dated information, because they can help me adapt the fast-changing world, enrich my experiences, explore my interest, and give me higher self-esteem as I am a valuable person. In addition, a job with ...

Recruitment & Staffing Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recruitment & Staffing Proposal - Assignment Example One of the recruitment approaches that can be used is gamification. Top companies increasingly use this method, and it can help obtain quality and talented individuals into the company. It is the approach involving developing enjoyable, engaging and fun components to test skills by striking into a competitive spirit always like a game (Smith & Mazin, 2011). HSS interest is recruitment of top level employees and through gamification models, the company can benefit since there is a provision to the employer with a preview of how the senior applicant may perform or manage when doing that particular job. This is a positive outcome should the HSS company consider this recruitment approach. There are occasions when the organization hired a candidate only to find once in the job that he wasn’t okay. This approach helps solve such problems. The second approach of recruitment that human resource can adopt to help the company is employee referral programs. Reward can be used to entice w illing employees in assisting the human resource achieve its aim. The final approach that the HSS human resource will apply is mobile recruitments and social networks this is another current trend in recruitment. Human resource at HSS may explore this option. It involves sourcing for suitable applicants from company’s social sites (Smith & Mazin, 2011). The company through the human resource will observe and identify events across your social networks. They will monitor responses, questions, comments and other various interactions. This can provide indications where to focus and channel social media recruitment efforts. The approach also involves engaging top candidate and identifying where your social networks are very active; involve the best applicants with valuable content such as videos, webinars and blog posts There is three recruitment approaches that could be considered by HSS human

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Emergency Response Planning For Airports - Essay Example In this regard, responsibilities for workers in an airport and within its vicinity should be clearly defined to avoid confusion during operations. Apparently, the rapid response department in an airport must ensure that all the necessary equipment and the personnel required are present when the need arises. Different airports have varied emergency response techniques subject to the nature and scale of the disaster. Emergency response planning involves structuring the airport in such a way that the impact of an emergency is minimized. It includes establishing procedures to be followed when attending to an emergency. This essay is meant to critically analyze the equipment used, and Procedures followed when attending to emergencies, training and Practices of the emergency response department and policies adopted for effective response to emergencies. We focus on Dubai International Airport to learn more about emergency response including the procedures and equipment employed when handling emergency cases. The airport is administered in accordance with the United Arabs Emirates legal requirements for airports operations. The emergency response docket is headed by the chief emergency coordinator. The chief emergency coordinator is entitled with the responsibility of overseeing the reaction to emergency cases. The airport has a well-structured system of command which outlines who reports to who during an emergency. The rapid response department is stratified into several subunits to facilitate effective management and division of labor. Each subunit is given a certain responsibility and head by a commander, who reports to the chief emergency coordinator. The emergency department handles several cases such as health, fire, and security threats among others. The department has a well-trained team of security staff that handles emergency incidences on a

International Standards for Financial Reporting Case Study

International Standards for Financial Reporting - Case Study Example Looking first to Profit Ratios, the investment analyst would take interest in the return on invested capital that is a measure of profits earned on the capital that is invested in the company. The profit ratios would inform an investor about the reliability of the company in the use of its resources. The more reliable and efficient a company the more profitable it will be. ROIC is of value as a benchmark for Morrisons or other investors to compare the company to compete in the marketplace, as well as to compare subsidiary companies that Morrisons envelopes (Hill and Jones C3). Over time, profit ratios can show if a company’s performance is improving or declining. There are many types of profit ratios, for Morrisons, the Return on Investment Capital ratio (ROIC) will be analyzed: ROIC = Net profit/Invested capital   = â‚ ¤ 93.4 million (over 25 weeks)/ â‚ ¤ 3, 662.4 million Thus, profits were down, before tax being â‚ ¤ 61.5 million. Although the overall financial re sult was disappointing for Morrisons in 2006, achievements were made; so it was a period of dramatic changes. Benchmarking has had a strong focus at Morrisons over the past financial year, and a range of company labeled products has been adapted and extended to meet market demands. Also, the retraining of almost 90, 000 Safeway employees has led to progress in the contributions of experience, skills, competencies, and knowledge that are of deemed value to the Morrisons team (Morrisons’ Annual Report 5).  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Annual Report 5). It appears from the Annual Report published by Morrisons, that ROIC weaknesses are being buffered by a

Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay The presence of charity wards in Philippine hospitals, whether public or private, has been a quiet issue. Those who are aware of the existence of this ward are the ones that cannot afford regular wards or those that prefer the services given in the charity wards. Most hospitals that offer their services through the means of having charity wards often have different elements to be paid for. The basic elements are the medical materials used, professional fees, and hospital fee. Often times the patients confined in these wards are the ones that provide the basic medical materials needed. There are also instances wherein professional fees of doctors are either waived or discounted for, while the hospital fee is rarely waived. One cause of conflict can be how the hospital prioritizes which patient should be attended to first; there are some hospitals that select paying patients before those who are not able to pay and sometimes they forego the triage system. The triage system is the system in which hospital personnel determine the level of priority of each patient based on the patients current physical condition. Of course, charity wards consist of only a certain number of beds and so charity patients may only be accommodated depending on availability and the hospitals capability to handle his or her case. This issue raises questions such as how do paying wards affect patient care and accommodation in charity wards? Do hospitals charge paying patients more than the actual cost of care? How are they [hospitals] able to afford for the continuous upkeep of charity wards? What is the governments involvement regarding this issue? And lastly, is the charity ward beneficial to all stakeholders? Background Information The charity system of service was first practiced in St. Lukes Medical Center and was established by American Missionaries in 1903. By 1910, St. Lukes increased bed capacity in the hospital to 52, catering dominantly to charity patients. In 1946, the University of Santo Tomas opened their pay and charity wards at the newly opened facility in Espana, Manila. More hospitals would follow suit with their own respective charity wards and as with St Lukes and UST, they funded themselves through the paying wards. It has been cited that in UST, their charity wards have solely been funded via the paying wards and never through government subsidies nor through the tuition fees of students enrolled in medical and allied medical courses. This may show that charity wards, now known in a more politically correct term of service wards, are not black holes for hospitals; they do not necessarily exhaust medical facilities of revenues, supplies and such. It also shows that hospitals charge more than t hey really should but since it is for a good cause, it may well be worth it. It has also been general knowledge that in charity wards, medical interns and students are often allowed to handle patients while they have very limited patient in pay wards. It is something that hospitals will not publish but it is a widely accepted act. Also, faster and better service can obviously be found in pay wards and not in charity wards. Despite the fact that certain hospitals can afford having a fully functional charity ward, government subsidies are always welcome things for them as, according to UST Hospital, it can cost upwards of P115 million per annum to run their charity facility, which is at a 65% occupancy rate. Of USTHs patients, only 25% have PhilHealth coverage but even then, patients still have to pay as much as 50 centavos for every peso of treatment cost. It can cost significantly more for the Philippine General Hospital which has a total of 1,500 beds for pay, charity and special patients as compared to USTHs total of 443 beds, and a 95% occupancy rate for charity ward as compared to USTHs 65%. According to the 2007 National Health Accounts, a study done by the National Statistical Coordination Board, the Department of Health along with the financial assistance of the Department of Health Office of the Secretary (DOH-OSEC), Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), Philippine Heart Center (PHC), National Kidney Transplant Institute (NKTI), National Nutrition Council (NNC), Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP), Philippine Childrens Medical Center (PCMC), and Commission on Population (PopCom) allotted P20.3 billion for the budget of various health programs and institutions. From the P20.3 billion, only P15.4 billion goes to personal and public health care, namely government hospitals and the like. The breakdown of the budget under personal health care is P13.4 billion which is then directly transferred to government hospitals, while in public health care only P1.9 billion is allotted. The involvement of local government units (LGUs) in the financial assistance for public health care has been significant in contrast to the Department of Health; the LGUs had substantially allocated P13.7 billion according to the 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. According to the An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007 conducted by the Congressional Planning and Budget Department, the total budget of the Philippines in that year was P1.126 trillion and from that P329.4 billion was allocated for social services. Of that, P14.5 billion or 1.3% of the national budget was specifically allocated for health. For 2007, hospital services get the biggest share amounting to 7.1 billion or 65% of the total budget. Public health gets only 14% of the budget, 2 percentage points lower than administration function receives. Regulation gets 5% of total budget for 2007. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) It was also stated that in the pattern of budget distribution of the Department of Health since 2003 up to 2007, no change has been made. Hospital services continue to get the biggest chunk ranging from 65% to 71%. Budget allocation for public health and administration during the period get from 14% to 16% only. Regulation is given the least share ranging from 2% to 5%. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) Even if there is a recognizable amount in the allocation of the national budget regarding health care, it is not sufficient in helping to defray the costs of necessary health care. Those in the marginalized sector, earning a minimum wage, often seek the services offered by the charity system available in government and public hospitals. However, there are some instances that these individuals may not be able to afford the costs that are followed in being confined in these said wards. Indeed, charity wards are supposed to be affordable, most especially to those who need it the most, but is does not necessarily mean that the services offered will be free. According to the newspaper article, title How charitable are charity hospitals?, a patient confined in the charity ward of a university-based hospital found out that their hospital bill reached P16,000 just for a weeks confinement. Now if that patient were just earning minimum wage and works for six days a week, he would just have earned P2,424 and that will not be enough to pay for his hospital bill. That only covers hospital fees and the medicines used during procedures done; it does not include post-operative or post-hospitalization care and maintenance. The implementation of the Philippine Generic Drug Act 1988 which requires the use of generic labeling and advertising of drugs have somewhat helped in making necessary drugs and such to be readily available to the public but that still adds to the expenses of the already strained household budgets of our lower class sector. According to The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines by the Institute of Philippine C ulture in Ateneo de Manila University, the Philippines is one of the countries that have problems with drug accessibility for the public. According to their study, which cites the World Health Organization, less than 30% of the population has regular access to important medicines. This may be attributed to the costs of medicine taken in relation to the average income of the working classes. A 2007 statistical study titled Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?, showed that the lower classes are in the bottom 76.7% of families living in the Philippines. This lower class group has an annual income bracket of P5,000 to P242,228 with an average annual income of P109,580. This does not include indigents and the truly poor. Sources: Ancheta, A. Q. (10 August 2010). William H. Quasha His Relevance to St. Lukes Revisited. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from St. Lukes College of Medicine website: http://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/default/news-and-events/action,Display/news_id,63 Batangan M.D., M.Sc., D.B. (n.d.). The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/200502PH/sdocs/survey_report.pdf Congressional Planning and Budget Department. (2007). An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from http://ia700104.us.archive.org/10/items/CongressBudgetPlanningDept2007NationalBudgetofPhilippines/budget07.pdf Dalangin-Fernandez, L. (22 March 2007). Arroyo signs P1.1-Tr budget for 2007. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Philippine Daily Inquirer website: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20070322-56398/%28UPDATE%29_Arroyo_signs_P1.1-Tr_budget_for_2007 de la Cruz, M. (21 October 2007). How charitable are charity hospitals?. Retrieved on November 11, 2010 from Inquirer.net: http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20071021-95772 Fernandez M.D., C. R. (n.d.). UP-PGH Emergency Department Triage. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippines Society of Emergency Care Physicians website: http://psecp.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=30Itemid=48 Malaya Newspaper. (29 September 2007). Malaya Feature: Philippine General Hospital at 100, PGH: Leader in Quality Health Care. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippine Headline News Online website: http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/si/si002422.htm National Statistical Coordination Board. (3 August 2010). 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from NSCB website: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/pnha/2007/2007pnhatables.asp St. Lukes Medical Center. (n.d). St Lukes Medical Center Fast Facts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from St. Lukes Medical Center website: http://www.stluke.com.ph/home.php/sb/Fast_Facts Virola, R. A. (n.d.). Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/contributed%20papers/cps-12/cps12-01.pdf (n.a.). (30 September 1961). G.R. No. L-15270. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from The LawPhil Project website: http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1961/sep1961/gr_l-15270_1961.html (n.a.). (25 June 2007). When priests quarrel. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Manila Standard Today website: http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/2007/june/25/felMaragay.htm

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? :: Essays Papers

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Socrates has to defend himself to the city of Athens. The city of Athens is at odds with Socrates’ philosophy; it contradicted several Athenian beliefs. The city believed that Socrates was an atheist, that he was responsible for corrupting the youth, and that he made the weaker argument the stronger. Socrates believed that he was the most important teacher in the city therefore he continued to defend his actions and beliefs even when his life was on the line. He saw himself as the most important teacher after his visit to the oracle. He believed it was his mission to change the Athenians viewpoints, and he was willing to die for what he believed in. Socrates forced the Athenians to think and to question how they lived their lives. He was a great philosophizer and he knew how important he was to the city. The city did not share Socrates own view of himself as the most important teacher. They believed his philosophies were evil and they were willing to put him to death for his ideas. In Socrates’ first defense, he uses the story of the Delphic oracle. According to Socrates, the oracle once declared that no one was wiser than Socrates. At first Socrates thought the oracle to be wrong so he began to obtain evidence by conversing with wise people in order to refute the oracle: He examined the politicians, poets, and artisans and found that they were almost completely ignorant (except for the artisans, who at least knew well their own areas of expertise), and that all thought they knew things, especially â€Å"the greatest things,† but in fact they did not know them. Since Socrates was at least aware of his own ignorance, he ranked himself above them in wisdom. (18) Thus Socrates began to believe that he was the wisest person in the city. The oracle was a turning point in his life. Instead of focusing on astronomical and physical studies, he began to concern himself with moral and political opinions: â€Å"this turn to the examination of opinions brought Socrates into conflict with the city as such, for his doubt of the worth of generally accepted opinions was also a challenge to the most authoritative opinions, those which concern the city’s gods and the city’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (18). The fact that Socrates knew he was the wisest and that he began to concern himself with philosophies of the city shows that he saw himself as the most important teacher in the city.

Global Awareness on AIDS Essay

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, a virus that can be passed from person to person through sexual fluids blood and breast milk. Worldwide the majority of HIV infections are transmitted through sex between men and women, and half of all adults living with HIV are women. Certain groups of people have been particularly affected and these include injecting drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men. Slave trade has been an ongoing business interaction between multiple countries during the last century and has allowed the HIV virus to be spread internationally. Although HIV and AIDS are found in all parts of the world, some areas are more afflicted than others. The worst affected region is sub-Saharan Africa, where in a few countries more than one in five adults is infected with HIV. The epidemic is spreading most rapidly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where the number of people living with HIV increased by 250 percent between 2001 and 2010. Many Western countries, such as the UK, have increasing rates of HIV transmission through heterosexual sex. In America, where more than a million people are living with HIV, heterosexual sex accounts for one third of new diagnoses. (Averting HIV and AIDS, 2011) Although it is known how to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS, too few people have access to the necessary services. With access to prevention tools such as HIV education, condoms, clean needles, and programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission the epidemic is improving in some countries. (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2014) Political and cultural attitudes are significant regarding prevention: for example some authorities are opposed to condom promotion, while others refuse to support needle exchanges for injecting drug users. Many are reluctant to provide young people with adequate education about sex and sexual health. Another very serious issue is discrimination. People known to be living with HIV are often shunned or abused by community members, employers and even health workers. As well as causing much personal suffering, this sort of prejudice discourages people from seeking HIV testing, treatment and care, undermining efforts to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS. As recently as the 1970s, people were not aware of this deadly illness. Since then the global HIV/AIDS epidemic has become one of the greatest threats to human health and development. During this time research has been performed internationally regarding the science of HIV and AIDS, as  well as how to prevent and treat the disease. In 2011, an estimated16.8 billion dollars was spent on research, prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS in the United States alone, and 26 billion dollars internationally. (Sidibe, 2012) There is still no cure for HIV but HIV treatment has improved enormously since the mid-1990s. HIV-positive people who take a combination of antiretroviral drugs can expect to recover their health and live for many years without developing AIDS, as long as they keep taking the drugs every day. References: Averting HIV and AIDS. (2011, June). Retrieved from avert.org. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, January 7). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov. Sidibe, M. (2012). UNAIDS Executive Director. UNAIDS, 6-12.

British Dominion in India

British Dominion in India Introduction The Presence of the British in India can be traced back to the early Seventeenth Century. The entry can first be dated to the entry of Merchants from Britain. It is established that between 1601 and 1613, a British company, East India Company, arranged to take about a dozen voyages to India.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Dominion in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In effect, William Hawkins arrived in India and sought to be granted the permission to establish British presence in India. His wish was, however, not granted until two years later when Sir Thomas Roe managed to secure the much needed permission that allowed the British to establish their presence in India. Managing to maintain a tight grip on India was not going to be easy. Several factors led to British success to manage this domination for the first one hundred years. This paper will therefore attempt to delve into some of t he factors that enhanced Britain’s domination of India for its first one hundred years’ rule in India. Civilization It has been argued that thirst for civilization was what actually made the British to gain acceptance in India. Mahatma Gandhi observed that it was not the British who imposed themselves on India, but it was India which accepted the British. He actually observed that the presence of British in India was because Indians desired the modern civilization1. The British were more advanced in the modern civilization as compared to India. Gandhi found the elements of modern civilization that India modernists so cherished to include railways, conventional medicine, and even the British legal system. These lured the majority into believing that the British were well-meaning2. Gandhi therefore, decided to enlighten the populace much later that such elements of civilization were just meant to give material comfort to the people, which is not the only level that the m asses should be striving for.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More True civilization, according to Gandhi, required that the people gain control over their â€Å"mind and passions†. But looking at this conflict of the moment it can be easily concluded that the British must have dangled the carrot of good life, thereby making the Indians not to resist them for they were seen to be of great benefit to India. This point can be proven by the fact that it is only after the Indian populace were shown the other side of British rule by people like Gandhi that resistance started. For a long time the masses had no problem with the British rule. Economic Considerations The question of economic considerations as having led to British domination of India is a not only multi-faceted, but also controversial. The British had their economic interests in India, with the advent of the British East Company way back in 1611. The ruling Mughal emperors of India allowed the British entry replete with numerous privileges. Thus, the British controlled several aspects of the economy through this company. For instance the company, it was recorded, managed to benefit greatly from exports. But, with time, it metamorphosed from a trading company to gain other powers and roles. It could, therefore, do tax collection and other ruling duties on behalf of Mughal. It participated in military endeavors too. Many scholars feel that the proceeds from India are the ones that eventually expanded the British economy. There was indeed capital flight from India to Britain. On the other side, many have found that though Britain at first set out to build railway lines, canals and even cities in India, this was just intended to hoodwink the masses into accepting the British rule. This could be true since as the modern structures were only exclusive to the British administrators and settlers.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on British Dominion in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some researchers have concluded that economic impoverishment was another strategy that the British used to maintain a strong stranglehold on India for quite a long time. This happened and it has been established that the modernization of Britain happened around such a time3. Again, when people are impoverished they tend to develop a dependency which they may not wish to do away with4. This impoverishment could be the major motivation that informed the British strategy of not genuinely investing in India. It could also be the reason why the Viceroy of British India was unequivocally quoted saying, â€Å"India is the Pivot of our Empire, losses of any other part of the dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun will have set†. From this assertion it can clearly be seen that Britain was not the one that was making I ndia survive, but actually the reverse was true. Therefore, it can be concluded here that the need to spur development at home may have even emboldened the British to maintain a tight grip on India for such length of time. Education The physical presence of the British in India was not quite significant. Yet, the British managed to maintain its influence for a very long time. One major contributing factor for this dominance was Western education. The kind of indoctrination that the British curriculum provided was that which impacted greatly on the psychology of learners. Its major target was to mould people who would become â€Å"model British subjects†5. In fact, most of those schooled in the system had acquired a type of indoctrination that was friendly to the British occupation. Indeed the British occupation maximized on this state of affairs to make maximum use of India labor and other resources.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the words of Thomas Macaulay, 1935, the purpose of this type of education was to produce an Indian by blood only while the rest of attributes including intellect and opinions would be English. To brainwash the Indian, a deliberate effort was made to underemphasize Indian culture. This was therefore done through orchestrated destruction of monuments and even books that enshrined rich Indian heritage. The Indian civilization was viewed with a lot of contempt despite pre-colonial records having recorded glowing tributes to India as a bastion of science and art. One such tribute was given by the Europeans who were there before colonization. For instance Pierre Sonnerat, who was a French naturalist, observed that India had some of the best antique collections and that people usually travelled long distances to draw from the well of knowledge that India abundantly was endowed with. Young minds were fed with the idea that India had no known civilization of its own. So, everyth ing was said to have come from invaders. By this, the Indian civilization was downplayed in Indian schools6. It has been a known fact that the Indian civilization greatly benefited the pre-colonial Europeans. This eventually led to European Renaissance. However the English only dwelt on brain washing the Indian learners that all that Indian civilization espoused was repugnant. The aim of this kind of instruction was to generate a docile learner who would believe that the English were symbols of what was ‘right’. This strategy did work as seen from the eventual long stay and grip that Britain had on India. But, the English masters, after having made some strides in propagating the type of ‘values’ they wanted imparted, discovered that Indians could still know their rich heritage through some of the material which still existed in Sanskrit language7. To handle this, the colonial masters developed a stratagem to learn and translate the material to conform to t heir aims. So, there eventually arose a situation where skewed translation was done to be compatible with the aims of colonial masters. There was also a deliberate effort to exclude local examples in learning material. All the principles taught were Eurocentric. For instance, the Indian student would not be exposed to remarkable Indian contributors such as Panini, Bhaskar and others, but they would be taught about notable westerners like Isaac Newton, Archimedes etc. They were also not exposed to great Indian writers like Jataka or even Panchatantra. Also, the literary theories that they were exposed to were all Eurocentric. Caste system The British had several strategies and one among them was the divide and rule strategy. Though the Indian society had its diverse elements like religion culture and even the caste system, the English capitalized and even made sure that these divisions were structured in such a way that they gained so much prominence8. Religion was a major target. Th e Indian society comprised of Hindu, Muslims and even Buddhists among others. The English therefore, designed strategies to alienate these diverse groups from each other. The society became fragmented. At one point this fragmentation has been claimed to account for the violent confrontations towards the last 25 years of British rule in India. Communities rose against each other and violence erupted9. Britain’s initial fear of Islam led to the blanket exclusion of all Indians from holding positions of authority in India. No Indian was therefore granted a position of influence. To further alienate the Muslims, official documents were done in Sanskrit or English, and not Urdu, which was associated with Islam. This alienated the Muslim elite from the day to day running of the state of affairs. Thus, no local language family would find its way into official matters. Further, the caste system added to this mix. The British structured the caste system. In fact the system dates back to pre-colonial times, many have viewed the British as having advanced it. This is because they classified everyone into caste, religion and even tribe. This made it possible for the English to wade off a united resistance, in case one arose10. This strategy worked well for it managed to divert the attention of Indians from social troubles such as state of the economy. War Instruments Faced with imminent revolt, the British had an organized force that was to be used to crush any dissent. For this to be achieved, legislation was passed so as in case the people labeled as extremists revolted, they would be adequately stopped in their tracks as the way the disturbances of the Punjab of 1919 were stopped. In fact, this situation did manifest itself in the massacre of about 400 unarmed Indians at Jallianwala11. Records show that in its effort to destroy Indian heritage, the British converted forts into military garrisons. There were numerous barracks that were constructed to replace thes e forts and other sites which initially had monumental significance. These places were converted beyond recognition. Loyalism The British, though with low significant numbers in India, managed to control India through a crop of loyalists in India. The nationalists were against the British but loyalists formed the group that countered these nationalists. The British thus relied greatly on this group to survive for a long time since it divided the cause of the nationalists. To achieve this, the British capitalized on the rivalries that were there between native rulers. The Indians Maharajas also gave the British the much needed support and loyalty. Another group that provided the much needed support was the new British educated intelligentsia12. Loyalism became a strong political force that the British used to extend its grip on India. The elites greatly feared the rule of the masses. Due to this, they preferred the British rule. The British on the other hand, reciprocated this unfett ering support by feting these loyalists. They rewarded these loyalist elements in society. The loyalists did not at all question anything that the British did. In fact the loyalists kept mum even as British transferred Indian wealth to Britain. One such loyalist was Sir Salar Jung who was the prime minister of the state of Hyderabad. He employed mercenaries on behalf of the British to handle a mutiny that occurred.. This Brute force to tackle the mutineers was just motivated by his loyalty to the British. In the end the British feted and praised him by referring to his support and contribution as â€Å"Priceless†. Conclusion The long stay of British in India has been a puzzle to many, considering the long time it took to maintain such grip. What is even amazing is that the British physical presence was not quite significant. However, all fingers point at shrewd strategy and the nature of India at that time. For instance British capitalized on the diversity of the Indian socie ty such as castes, religion, tribe and even political rivalry to achieve this end. All in all, the British stay in India forms an interesting study. Bibliography Cotton, James Sutherland and Payne, Edward John. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883. Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1984. Riddick, John. The history of British India: a chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Shiva, Vandana. India Divided: Diversity and Democracy under Attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005. Taher, Mohammed. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993. Footnotes 1 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications P VT, 1993, p. 67 2 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 58 3 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993, p. 99 4 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 79 5 Edward Said. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993, p 134 6 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 112 7 John F Riddick. The history of British India: a chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 112 8 Sutherland Cotton,James and Edward John Payne. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883, p.68 9 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993, p. 154 10Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: popular prakashan, 1984, p. 76 11 Sutherland Cotton,James and Edward John Payne. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883, p. 98 12 Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: popular prakashan, 1984,p. 79

Free Essays on Humanities

When I first signed up for Humanities I was under the impression it was mostly like ENC1101. However, when I realized what the course is about than it seemed to be more like a history class mixed with the arts and literature. It really is an insight to ancient cultures and societies, and how they viewed their world at the time. Then the next question that arose was what part of history would we be learning about? It turned out to be the history of when civilizations were first started in the West. I found that to be pretty interesting so I went through the syllabus to find out exactly what topics would hook my attention. The first group that I noticed was the Egyptians. They have always intrigued people with their great architecture of pyramids and tombs. Their technology and intellect must have been far above the other peoples of the time. They created tools that would lead to advances in the new lands. The power that Egypt had at that point in history was amazing. It would be great to know how they fell as a power. The next topic I wanted to learn about Page 2 more was the Hebrews. I am Christian and Jews have always argued Christ being a mortal. So, I want to know exactly why they feel that way. It would give me a better understanding of another huge religion and enlighten me spiritually. The next chapters look like they are going to discuss the great Greek civilization. In my home town there is a group of Greeks that had very strong Greek culture. I always was curious why they were so into it even in the 21st century. I also know that they had many battles for control of European areas. Another thing that I was always a fan of was Greek Mythology. In high school we studies a little of it and it were able to make me want to learn more about it. So, that is another reason why I would like to look further into that section. I found my favorite group of history next. Since I am Italian I have a lo... Free Essays on Humanities Free Essays on Humanities When I first signed up for Humanities I was under the impression it was mostly like ENC1101. However, when I realized what the course is about than it seemed to be more like a history class mixed with the arts and literature. It really is an insight to ancient cultures and societies, and how they viewed their world at the time. Then the next question that arose was what part of history would we be learning about? It turned out to be the history of when civilizations were first started in the West. I found that to be pretty interesting so I went through the syllabus to find out exactly what topics would hook my attention. The first group that I noticed was the Egyptians. They have always intrigued people with their great architecture of pyramids and tombs. Their technology and intellect must have been far above the other peoples of the time. They created tools that would lead to advances in the new lands. The power that Egypt had at that point in history was amazing. It would be great to know how they fell as a power. The next topic I wanted to learn about Page 2 more was the Hebrews. I am Christian and Jews have always argued Christ being a mortal. So, I want to know exactly why they feel that way. It would give me a better understanding of another huge religion and enlighten me spiritually. The next chapters look like they are going to discuss the great Greek civilization. In my home town there is a group of Greeks that had very strong Greek culture. I always was curious why they were so into it even in the 21st century. I also know that they had many battles for control of European areas. Another thing that I was always a fan of was Greek Mythology. In high school we studies a little of it and it were able to make me want to learn more about it. So, that is another reason why I would like to look further into that section. I found my favorite group of history next. Since I am Italian I have a lo...

Ethics and decision making in financial institution Essay

Ethics and decision making in financial institution - Essay Example In the second part the study will understand role of business ethics and ethical decision making in context to banking industry. Although the concept of business ethics, fair and free competition, abolishment of monopolistic competition are pretty much older in comparison neo classical concepts like trade protection, corporate governance codes but surprisingly very few researcher have tried find how these implications are relevant in context to banking industry. To understand the importance of open and free competition it is essential for the researcher to analyze these concepts by using theories of economics (Misra and Arrawatia, 2012). Nature of Competition in Banking Industry In recent times, various research scholars have tried to investigate nature of competition in global banking industry with help of different concepts of economics. Modern economists have stated that conjoint impact of internationalization, liberalization and harmonization has changed the dynamics of competiti on in global banking competitions. ... their primary and only responsibility is to increase profit by using its resources whereas understanding the second strata such as doing business in open and free competition environment without engaging in deception and frauds (Cheng, 2011). There is no doubt the world has changed a lot from the time Milton Friedman defined the responsibility of managers. In twenty first century, the world has seen many of the major financial scams, financial frauds, unethical competitions hence it is necessary to analyze the viewpoint of Milton in context modern business world. Now the fact is that, research scholars have raised question over the assumption of Milton Friedman in context to banking industry. For example, competition in banking sector has been created due to multitude of factors such as financial markets deregulation, liberalization, consolidation, merger between various financial institutions etc hence it will not be justifiable to take a unilateral approach to analyze the level of competition in banking sector. The study will take help of research works of eminent research scholars such as Bresnahan (1982) to understand competition theories in context to banking sector. According to Bresnahan (1982), market power of a bank is should be analyzed with the help of mark-up of price instead of marginal cost of a particular bank. The proposed model was based on two equations such as supply equation and inverse demand equation in context to first order profit maximization (Misra and Arrawatia, 2012). Shaffer (1993) has found that North American banks were competitive during 1965 to 1990 when the market was consolidated in nature. In that period, few North American banks competed in partially monopolistic competition environment where they had created entry barrier for