Going to the X-Stream Case Study free essay sample

After graduating college with an information technology degree, Reihana inherited a substantial amount of money. With investments from multiple family members amp; coupled with his inheritance, Reihana launched X-Stream. X-Stream is a technology company that assembles personal computers and sells them through chain stores amp; independent retailers throughout New Zealand and Australia. The company gained a reputation for having â€Å"quality hardware, customized products, excellent delivery times, and after-sales service† (McShane amp;Von Glinow, 2013). In six short years, X-Stream has grown into a top technology company and was growing fast. â€Å"Gil believed that major decisions should be made by consensus and that individuals should then be empowered to implement these decisions in their own way† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Initially meeting with his staff and discussing their current job status, performance, goals, ambitions, and future plans was something he made a point to do at least once a year. We will write a custom essay sample on Going to the X-Stream Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the company continued to grow, it became increasingly more difficult for Reihana to continue conducting these one-on-one meetings with his staff, so senior management was put in charge of this task for their individual departments. Unfortunately, Reihana did not keep encourage his senior staff to perform the meetings regularly; he was not even sure if they actually performed the meetings at all or if they were working. In an attempt to keep in contact with his non-management staff, he would occasionally eat with them in the cafeteria. Reihana’s senior management team was made up of various professionals with varying ideas of how their department and the company should be run. Much of the staff was extremely headstrong and more boisterous than other members. Denise Commins, chief financial officer was â€Å"quiet, methodical, and very patient† amp; â€Å"her superb interpersonal skills complemented a highly analytical mind† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Commins was the go-to person throughout the company when work and/or personal issues arose. Don Head, marketing manager, â€Å"was considered a ruthless operator† and seemed to be more trouble than he was worth (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Yet he contributed to the continuous rising sales and was a marketing guru. Jason Palu, production manager, â€Å"was a soft-spoken man† who worked hard to get to his current position (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although revered for his expertise and efficiency, his autocratic mindset left many of his staff jaded. Heather Berkowitz, chief webpage designer, had a very eclectic work lifestyle. She dressed provocatively, had blue hair, and seldom arrived to work before 11:00am. Yet, like many of the others, her quality and quantity of work outweighed her undoubtedly unprofessional demeanor. With this extremely diverse group and the lack of a formal structure, one can see how conflict can and will easily arise. The company is developing a â€Å"top-of-the-range laptop scheduled to launch in two-weeks’ time,† but Jason wants the timetable pushed back until all of the glitches are worked out. Don, on the other hand, is adamant about keeping the current launch date do in part to the spokesperson he procured who will not be available during the time frame Jason has suggested. This issue has caused a major break in the already fragile working environment. Don has begun a crusade to persuade any and every one he can, through bribes and promises, to take his side. Another issue is with Ramesh Patel, head of e-business applications, who worked with a friend on a new software program. What he thought was done as a favor, was later billed to the company as a $25,000 consultancy fee. Jason Palu’s research and development manager wanted to quit, Jason and Don wanted more money in their respective departments, and to add to an already stressful workplace, the human resources manager has suggested implementing a more structured and professional workplace atmosphere that involves a performance management system; many of the managers strongly oppose this suggestion. Each one of these issues individually could be the demise of a very successful company, but combined, could be catastrophic. The umbrella issue in this organization is leadership. Gil Reihana has a very relaxed approach to managing his employees. He gives more freedom than necessary, which in turn has caused many of his senior management team to feel entitled to behave in any manner they see fit. They have taken advantage of his lack-luster performance as a leader. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness of the organizations of which they are members† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana does not seem to display any of these characteristics. His senior management team has taken leadership roles beyond just their department. Reihana does not seem to have the control, influence, or respect that a leader should have and deserves. Reihana works from a more servant leadership perspective which explains his one-on-one meetings with his staff about their personal development and why he is so accepting of his current workplace. He wants his employees to flourish as they see fit regardless of the impact it may or may not have on the company. Yet his management team operates on a warped version of shared leadership. Leadership is distributed broadly, each department having a manager that is allowed to run and maintain his or her employees as they see fit, but the departments and the company as a whole do not work together to attain the company’s ultimate goals. Every manager has a singular mindset that undermines Reihana’s business model. Reihana also lacks authentic leadership, which is defined as, â€Å"the view that effective leaders need to be aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana runs his business in a manner that caters to his senior management team, not he or the business as a whole. He wants everyone to feel empowered and important by inviting all employees to the weekly meetings, but has given no real structure for that to happen and seems to give in and accept what is being presented to him without thought. Conflict has erupted throughout every department and in almost every level of the business do in part to the varying leadership styles displayed. Conflict is â€Å"the process in which one party perceives that its interest are being opposed or negatively affected by another party† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although there are some positive consequences to conflict, X-Stream is only experiencing the negative. Management is wasting time calling meetings (that many people do not attend), no one is willing to talk and share their ideas or solutions, the office itself is becoming more tense, and the team is separating between to parties involved.

Free Essays on Career Decision

Discuss the factors that influenced your career decisions to date. Also discuss your career plans and why you want to obtain an MBA. Since I was four years old, my father has left my mother and I for Indonesia to start his textile company. He has come back to Singapore once for a year. In order to enhance our relationship, we used to talk over the phone. As early as when I was Grade 8, I possessed my first computer for the main purpose of sending electronic mail to my father. From that time, using the Internet has captured most of my spare time. In the summer of 1992, I had a valuable chance of volunteering in the library to assist people using computers to look for the books or to get access on the Internet. At the same time, my father's business had been suffering from keen competition and out-dated machines for two years. He then started to automate the production line by investing in new innovated technologies, and hiring some technicians. When I visited him, the new automated production line and the whole computerized firm amused me, because this was the system that rescued my father's business. Since then, m y interest in information technology has been ever growing. After I came to Canada, I even use electronic mail and ICQ to communicate with my parent, and choose MIS as my core course. I found that IT is so powerful that it not only helps companies become more competitive, but also bridges people ocean apart. This arouses my desire to work in IT industry. Second, self-satisfaction also affects my career decision. Although monetary reward is practically important in reality, opportunity to learn and job prospect are even more crucial factors for me to be really happy and satisfied. I like learning new skills and acquiring up-dated information, because they can help me adapt the fast-changing world, enrich my experiences, explore my interest, and give me higher self-esteem as I am a valuable person. In addition, a job with ... Free Essays on Career Decision Free Essays on Career Decision Discuss the factors that influenced your career decisions to date. Also discuss your career plans and why you want to obtain an MBA. Since I was four years old, my father has left my mother and I for Indonesia to start his textile company. He has come back to Singapore once for a year. In order to enhance our relationship, we used to talk over the phone. As early as when I was Grade 8, I possessed my first computer for the main purpose of sending electronic mail to my father. From that time, using the Internet has captured most of my spare time. In the summer of 1992, I had a valuable chance of volunteering in the library to assist people using computers to look for the books or to get access on the Internet. At the same time, my father's business had been suffering from keen competition and out-dated machines for two years. He then started to automate the production line by investing in new innovated technologies, and hiring some technicians. When I visited him, the new automated production line and the whole computerized firm amused me, because this was the system that rescued my father's business. Since then, m y interest in information technology has been ever growing. After I came to Canada, I even use electronic mail and ICQ to communicate with my parent, and choose MIS as my core course. I found that IT is so powerful that it not only helps companies become more competitive, but also bridges people ocean apart. This arouses my desire to work in IT industry. Second, self-satisfaction also affects my career decision. Although monetary reward is practically important in reality, opportunity to learn and job prospect are even more crucial factors for me to be really happy and satisfied. I like learning new skills and acquiring up-dated information, because they can help me adapt the fast-changing world, enrich my experiences, explore my interest, and give me higher self-esteem as I am a valuable person. In addition, a job with ...

Recruitment & Staffing Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Recruitment & Staffing Proposal - Assignment Example One of the recruitment approaches that can be used is gamification. Top companies increasingly use this method, and it can help obtain quality and talented individuals into the company. It is the approach involving developing enjoyable, engaging and fun components to test skills by striking into a competitive spirit always like a game (Smith & Mazin, 2011). HSS interest is recruitment of top level employees and through gamification models, the company can benefit since there is a provision to the employer with a preview of how the senior applicant may perform or manage when doing that particular job. This is a positive outcome should the HSS company consider this recruitment approach. There are occasions when the organization hired a candidate only to find once in the job that he wasn’t okay. This approach helps solve such problems. The second approach of recruitment that human resource can adopt to help the company is employee referral programs. Reward can be used to entice w illing employees in assisting the human resource achieve its aim. The final approach that the HSS human resource will apply is mobile recruitments and social networks this is another current trend in recruitment. Human resource at HSS may explore this option. It involves sourcing for suitable applicants from company’s social sites (Smith & Mazin, 2011). The company through the human resource will observe and identify events across your social networks. They will monitor responses, questions, comments and other various interactions. This can provide indications where to focus and channel social media recruitment efforts. The approach also involves engaging top candidate and identifying where your social networks are very active; involve the best applicants with valuable content such as videos, webinars and blog posts There is three recruitment approaches that could be considered by HSS human

Emergency Response Planning For Airports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Response Planning For Airports - Essay Example In this regard, responsibilities for workers in an airport and within its vicinity should be clearly defined to avoid confusion during operations. Apparently, the rapid response department in an airport must ensure that all the necessary equipment and the personnel required are present when the need arises. Different airports have varied emergency response techniques subject to the nature and scale of the disaster. Emergency response planning involves structuring the airport in such a way that the impact of an emergency is minimized. It includes establishing procedures to be followed when attending to an emergency. This essay is meant to critically analyze the equipment used, and Procedures followed when attending to emergencies, training and Practices of the emergency response department and policies adopted for effective response to emergencies. We focus on Dubai International Airport to learn more about emergency response including the procedures and equipment employed when handling emergency cases. The airport is administered in accordance with the United Arabs Emirates legal requirements for airports operations. The emergency response docket is headed by the chief emergency coordinator. The chief emergency coordinator is entitled with the responsibility of overseeing the reaction to emergency cases. The airport has a well-structured system of command which outlines who reports to who during an emergency. The rapid response department is stratified into several subunits to facilitate effective management and division of labor. Each subunit is given a certain responsibility and head by a commander, who reports to the chief emergency coordinator. The emergency department handles several cases such as health, fire, and security threats among others. The department has a well-trained team of security staff that handles emergency incidences on a

International Standards for Financial Reporting Case Study

International Standards for Financial Reporting - Case Study Example Looking first to Profit Ratios, the investment analyst would take interest in the return on invested capital that is a measure of profits earned on the capital that is invested in the company. The profit ratios would inform an investor about the reliability of the company in the use of its resources. The more reliable and efficient a company the more profitable it will be. ROIC is of value as a benchmark for Morrisons or other investors to compare the company to compete in the marketplace, as well as to compare subsidiary companies that Morrisons envelopes (Hill and Jones C3). Over time, profit ratios can show if a company’s performance is improving or declining. There are many types of profit ratios, for Morrisons, the Return on Investment Capital ratio (ROIC) will be analyzed: ROIC = Net profit/Invested capital   = â‚ ¤ 93.4 million (over 25 weeks)/ â‚ ¤ 3, 662.4 million Thus, profits were down, before tax being â‚ ¤ 61.5 million. Although the overall financial re sult was disappointing for Morrisons in 2006, achievements were made; so it was a period of dramatic changes. Benchmarking has had a strong focus at Morrisons over the past financial year, and a range of company labeled products has been adapted and extended to meet market demands. Also, the retraining of almost 90, 000 Safeway employees has led to progress in the contributions of experience, skills, competencies, and knowledge that are of deemed value to the Morrisons team (Morrisons’ Annual Report 5).  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Annual Report 5). It appears from the Annual Report published by Morrisons, that ROIC weaknesses are being buffered by a

Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay The presence of charity wards in Philippine hospitals, whether public or private, has been a quiet issue. Those who are aware of the existence of this ward are the ones that cannot afford regular wards or those that prefer the services given in the charity wards. Most hospitals that offer their services through the means of having charity wards often have different elements to be paid for. The basic elements are the medical materials used, professional fees, and hospital fee. Often times the patients confined in these wards are the ones that provide the basic medical materials needed. There are also instances wherein professional fees of doctors are either waived or discounted for, while the hospital fee is rarely waived. One cause of conflict can be how the hospital prioritizes which patient should be attended to first; there are some hospitals that select paying patients before those who are not able to pay and sometimes they forego the triage system. The triage system is the system in which hospital personnel determine the level of priority of each patient based on the patients current physical condition. Of course, charity wards consist of only a certain number of beds and so charity patients may only be accommodated depending on availability and the hospitals capability to handle his or her case. This issue raises questions such as how do paying wards affect patient care and accommodation in charity wards? Do hospitals charge paying patients more than the actual cost of care? How are they [hospitals] able to afford for the continuous upkeep of charity wards? What is the governments involvement regarding this issue? And lastly, is the charity ward beneficial to all stakeholders? Background Information The charity system of service was first practiced in St. Lukes Medical Center and was established by American Missionaries in 1903. By 1910, St. Lukes increased bed capacity in the hospital to 52, catering dominantly to charity patients. In 1946, the University of Santo Tomas opened their pay and charity wards at the newly opened facility in Espana, Manila. More hospitals would follow suit with their own respective charity wards and as with St Lukes and UST, they funded themselves through the paying wards. It has been cited that in UST, their charity wards have solely been funded via the paying wards and never through government subsidies nor through the tuition fees of students enrolled in medical and allied medical courses. This may show that charity wards, now known in a more politically correct term of service wards, are not black holes for hospitals; they do not necessarily exhaust medical facilities of revenues, supplies and such. It also shows that hospitals charge more than t hey really should but since it is for a good cause, it may well be worth it. It has also been general knowledge that in charity wards, medical interns and students are often allowed to handle patients while they have very limited patient in pay wards. It is something that hospitals will not publish but it is a widely accepted act. Also, faster and better service can obviously be found in pay wards and not in charity wards. Despite the fact that certain hospitals can afford having a fully functional charity ward, government subsidies are always welcome things for them as, according to UST Hospital, it can cost upwards of P115 million per annum to run their charity facility, which is at a 65% occupancy rate. Of USTHs patients, only 25% have PhilHealth coverage but even then, patients still have to pay as much as 50 centavos for every peso of treatment cost. It can cost significantly more for the Philippine General Hospital which has a total of 1,500 beds for pay, charity and special patients as compared to USTHs total of 443 beds, and a 95% occupancy rate for charity ward as compared to USTHs 65%. According to the 2007 National Health Accounts, a study done by the National Statistical Coordination Board, the Department of Health along with the financial assistance of the Department of Health Office of the Secretary (DOH-OSEC), Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), Philippine Heart Center (PHC), National Kidney Transplant Institute (NKTI), National Nutrition Council (NNC), Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP), Philippine Childrens Medical Center (PCMC), and Commission on Population (PopCom) allotted P20.3 billion for the budget of various health programs and institutions. From the P20.3 billion, only P15.4 billion goes to personal and public health care, namely government hospitals and the like. The breakdown of the budget under personal health care is P13.4 billion which is then directly transferred to government hospitals, while in public health care only P1.9 billion is allotted. The involvement of local government units (LGUs) in the financial assistance for public health care has been significant in contrast to the Department of Health; the LGUs had substantially allocated P13.7 billion according to the 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. According to the An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007 conducted by the Congressional Planning and Budget Department, the total budget of the Philippines in that year was P1.126 trillion and from that P329.4 billion was allocated for social services. Of that, P14.5 billion or 1.3% of the national budget was specifically allocated for health. For 2007, hospital services get the biggest share amounting to 7.1 billion or 65% of the total budget. Public health gets only 14% of the budget, 2 percentage points lower than administration function receives. Regulation gets 5% of total budget for 2007. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) It was also stated that in the pattern of budget distribution of the Department of Health since 2003 up to 2007, no change has been made. Hospital services continue to get the biggest chunk ranging from 65% to 71%. Budget allocation for public health and administration during the period get from 14% to 16% only. Regulation is given the least share ranging from 2% to 5%. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) Even if there is a recognizable amount in the allocation of the national budget regarding health care, it is not sufficient in helping to defray the costs of necessary health care. Those in the marginalized sector, earning a minimum wage, often seek the services offered by the charity system available in government and public hospitals. However, there are some instances that these individuals may not be able to afford the costs that are followed in being confined in these said wards. Indeed, charity wards are supposed to be affordable, most especially to those who need it the most, but is does not necessarily mean that the services offered will be free. According to the newspaper article, title How charitable are charity hospitals?, a patient confined in the charity ward of a university-based hospital found out that their hospital bill reached P16,000 just for a weeks confinement. Now if that patient were just earning minimum wage and works for six days a week, he would just have earned P2,424 and that will not be enough to pay for his hospital bill. That only covers hospital fees and the medicines used during procedures done; it does not include post-operative or post-hospitalization care and maintenance. The implementation of the Philippine Generic Drug Act 1988 which requires the use of generic labeling and advertising of drugs have somewhat helped in making necessary drugs and such to be readily available to the public but that still adds to the expenses of the already strained household budgets of our lower class sector. According to The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines by the Institute of Philippine C ulture in Ateneo de Manila University, the Philippines is one of the countries that have problems with drug accessibility for the public. According to their study, which cites the World Health Organization, less than 30% of the population has regular access to important medicines. This may be attributed to the costs of medicine taken in relation to the average income of the working classes. A 2007 statistical study titled Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?, showed that the lower classes are in the bottom 76.7% of families living in the Philippines. This lower class group has an annual income bracket of P5,000 to P242,228 with an average annual income of P109,580. This does not include indigents and the truly poor. Sources: Ancheta, A. Q. (10 August 2010). William H. Quasha His Relevance to St. Lukes Revisited. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from St. Lukes College of Medicine website: http://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/default/news-and-events/action,Display/news_id,63 Batangan M.D., M.Sc., D.B. (n.d.). The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/200502PH/sdocs/survey_report.pdf Congressional Planning and Budget Department. (2007). An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from http://ia700104.us.archive.org/10/items/CongressBudgetPlanningDept2007NationalBudgetofPhilippines/budget07.pdf Dalangin-Fernandez, L. (22 March 2007). Arroyo signs P1.1-Tr budget for 2007. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Philippine Daily Inquirer website: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20070322-56398/%28UPDATE%29_Arroyo_signs_P1.1-Tr_budget_for_2007 de la Cruz, M. (21 October 2007). How charitable are charity hospitals?. Retrieved on November 11, 2010 from Inquirer.net: http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20071021-95772 Fernandez M.D., C. R. (n.d.). UP-PGH Emergency Department Triage. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippines Society of Emergency Care Physicians website: http://psecp.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=30Itemid=48 Malaya Newspaper. (29 September 2007). Malaya Feature: Philippine General Hospital at 100, PGH: Leader in Quality Health Care. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippine Headline News Online website: http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/si/si002422.htm National Statistical Coordination Board. (3 August 2010). 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from NSCB website: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/pnha/2007/2007pnhatables.asp St. Lukes Medical Center. (n.d). St Lukes Medical Center Fast Facts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from St. Lukes Medical Center website: http://www.stluke.com.ph/home.php/sb/Fast_Facts Virola, R. A. (n.d.). Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/contributed%20papers/cps-12/cps12-01.pdf (n.a.). (30 September 1961). G.R. No. L-15270. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from The LawPhil Project website: http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1961/sep1961/gr_l-15270_1961.html (n.a.). (25 June 2007). When priests quarrel. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Manila Standard Today website: http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/2007/june/25/felMaragay.htm

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? :: Essays Papers

Does Socrates see himself as the most important teacher in the city? In Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Socrates has to defend himself to the city of Athens. The city of Athens is at odds with Socrates’ philosophy; it contradicted several Athenian beliefs. The city believed that Socrates was an atheist, that he was responsible for corrupting the youth, and that he made the weaker argument the stronger. Socrates believed that he was the most important teacher in the city therefore he continued to defend his actions and beliefs even when his life was on the line. He saw himself as the most important teacher after his visit to the oracle. He believed it was his mission to change the Athenians viewpoints, and he was willing to die for what he believed in. Socrates forced the Athenians to think and to question how they lived their lives. He was a great philosophizer and he knew how important he was to the city. The city did not share Socrates own view of himself as the most important teacher. They believed his philosophies were evil and they were willing to put him to death for his ideas. In Socrates’ first defense, he uses the story of the Delphic oracle. According to Socrates, the oracle once declared that no one was wiser than Socrates. At first Socrates thought the oracle to be wrong so he began to obtain evidence by conversing with wise people in order to refute the oracle: He examined the politicians, poets, and artisans and found that they were almost completely ignorant (except for the artisans, who at least knew well their own areas of expertise), and that all thought they knew things, especially â€Å"the greatest things,† but in fact they did not know them. Since Socrates was at least aware of his own ignorance, he ranked himself above them in wisdom. (18) Thus Socrates began to believe that he was the wisest person in the city. The oracle was a turning point in his life. Instead of focusing on astronomical and physical studies, he began to concern himself with moral and political opinions: â€Å"this turn to the examination of opinions brought Socrates into conflict with the city as such, for his doubt of the worth of generally accepted opinions was also a challenge to the most authoritative opinions, those which concern the city’s gods and the city’s laws†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (18). The fact that Socrates knew he was the wisest and that he began to concern himself with philosophies of the city shows that he saw himself as the most important teacher in the city.

Global Awareness on AIDS Essay

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, a virus that can be passed from person to person through sexual fluids blood and breast milk. Worldwide the majority of HIV infections are transmitted through sex between men and women, and half of all adults living with HIV are women. Certain groups of people have been particularly affected and these include injecting drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men. Slave trade has been an ongoing business interaction between multiple countries during the last century and has allowed the HIV virus to be spread internationally. Although HIV and AIDS are found in all parts of the world, some areas are more afflicted than others. The worst affected region is sub-Saharan Africa, where in a few countries more than one in five adults is infected with HIV. The epidemic is spreading most rapidly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where the number of people living with HIV increased by 250 percent between 2001 and 2010. Many Western countries, such as the UK, have increasing rates of HIV transmission through heterosexual sex. In America, where more than a million people are living with HIV, heterosexual sex accounts for one third of new diagnoses. (Averting HIV and AIDS, 2011) Although it is known how to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS, too few people have access to the necessary services. With access to prevention tools such as HIV education, condoms, clean needles, and programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission the epidemic is improving in some countries. (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2014) Political and cultural attitudes are significant regarding prevention: for example some authorities are opposed to condom promotion, while others refuse to support needle exchanges for injecting drug users. Many are reluctant to provide young people with adequate education about sex and sexual health. Another very serious issue is discrimination. People known to be living with HIV are often shunned or abused by community members, employers and even health workers. As well as causing much personal suffering, this sort of prejudice discourages people from seeking HIV testing, treatment and care, undermining efforts to prevent and treat HIV and AIDS. As recently as the 1970s, people were not aware of this deadly illness. Since then the global HIV/AIDS epidemic has become one of the greatest threats to human health and development. During this time research has been performed internationally regarding the science of HIV and AIDS, as  well as how to prevent and treat the disease. In 2011, an estimated16.8 billion dollars was spent on research, prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS in the United States alone, and 26 billion dollars internationally. (Sidibe, 2012) There is still no cure for HIV but HIV treatment has improved enormously since the mid-1990s. HIV-positive people who take a combination of antiretroviral drugs can expect to recover their health and live for many years without developing AIDS, as long as they keep taking the drugs every day. References: Averting HIV and AIDS. (2011, June). Retrieved from avert.org. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, January 7). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov. Sidibe, M. (2012). UNAIDS Executive Director. UNAIDS, 6-12.

British Dominion in India

British Dominion in India Introduction The Presence of the British in India can be traced back to the early Seventeenth Century. The entry can first be dated to the entry of Merchants from Britain. It is established that between 1601 and 1613, a British company, East India Company, arranged to take about a dozen voyages to India.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Dominion in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In effect, William Hawkins arrived in India and sought to be granted the permission to establish British presence in India. His wish was, however, not granted until two years later when Sir Thomas Roe managed to secure the much needed permission that allowed the British to establish their presence in India. Managing to maintain a tight grip on India was not going to be easy. Several factors led to British success to manage this domination for the first one hundred years. This paper will therefore attempt to delve into some of t he factors that enhanced Britain’s domination of India for its first one hundred years’ rule in India. Civilization It has been argued that thirst for civilization was what actually made the British to gain acceptance in India. Mahatma Gandhi observed that it was not the British who imposed themselves on India, but it was India which accepted the British. He actually observed that the presence of British in India was because Indians desired the modern civilization1. The British were more advanced in the modern civilization as compared to India. Gandhi found the elements of modern civilization that India modernists so cherished to include railways, conventional medicine, and even the British legal system. These lured the majority into believing that the British were well-meaning2. Gandhi therefore, decided to enlighten the populace much later that such elements of civilization were just meant to give material comfort to the people, which is not the only level that the m asses should be striving for.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More True civilization, according to Gandhi, required that the people gain control over their â€Å"mind and passions†. But looking at this conflict of the moment it can be easily concluded that the British must have dangled the carrot of good life, thereby making the Indians not to resist them for they were seen to be of great benefit to India. This point can be proven by the fact that it is only after the Indian populace were shown the other side of British rule by people like Gandhi that resistance started. For a long time the masses had no problem with the British rule. Economic Considerations The question of economic considerations as having led to British domination of India is a not only multi-faceted, but also controversial. The British had their economic interests in India, with the advent of the British East Company way back in 1611. The ruling Mughal emperors of India allowed the British entry replete with numerous privileges. Thus, the British controlled several aspects of the economy through this company. For instance the company, it was recorded, managed to benefit greatly from exports. But, with time, it metamorphosed from a trading company to gain other powers and roles. It could, therefore, do tax collection and other ruling duties on behalf of Mughal. It participated in military endeavors too. Many scholars feel that the proceeds from India are the ones that eventually expanded the British economy. There was indeed capital flight from India to Britain. On the other side, many have found that though Britain at first set out to build railway lines, canals and even cities in India, this was just intended to hoodwink the masses into accepting the British rule. This could be true since as the modern structures were only exclusive to the British administrators and settlers.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on British Dominion in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some researchers have concluded that economic impoverishment was another strategy that the British used to maintain a strong stranglehold on India for quite a long time. This happened and it has been established that the modernization of Britain happened around such a time3. Again, when people are impoverished they tend to develop a dependency which they may not wish to do away with4. This impoverishment could be the major motivation that informed the British strategy of not genuinely investing in India. It could also be the reason why the Viceroy of British India was unequivocally quoted saying, â€Å"India is the Pivot of our Empire, losses of any other part of the dominion we can survive, but if we lose India, the sun will have set†. From this assertion it can clearly be seen that Britain was not the one that was making I ndia survive, but actually the reverse was true. Therefore, it can be concluded here that the need to spur development at home may have even emboldened the British to maintain a tight grip on India for such length of time. Education The physical presence of the British in India was not quite significant. Yet, the British managed to maintain its influence for a very long time. One major contributing factor for this dominance was Western education. The kind of indoctrination that the British curriculum provided was that which impacted greatly on the psychology of learners. Its major target was to mould people who would become â€Å"model British subjects†5. In fact, most of those schooled in the system had acquired a type of indoctrination that was friendly to the British occupation. Indeed the British occupation maximized on this state of affairs to make maximum use of India labor and other resources.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the words of Thomas Macaulay, 1935, the purpose of this type of education was to produce an Indian by blood only while the rest of attributes including intellect and opinions would be English. To brainwash the Indian, a deliberate effort was made to underemphasize Indian culture. This was therefore done through orchestrated destruction of monuments and even books that enshrined rich Indian heritage. The Indian civilization was viewed with a lot of contempt despite pre-colonial records having recorded glowing tributes to India as a bastion of science and art. One such tribute was given by the Europeans who were there before colonization. For instance Pierre Sonnerat, who was a French naturalist, observed that India had some of the best antique collections and that people usually travelled long distances to draw from the well of knowledge that India abundantly was endowed with. Young minds were fed with the idea that India had no known civilization of its own. So, everyth ing was said to have come from invaders. By this, the Indian civilization was downplayed in Indian schools6. It has been a known fact that the Indian civilization greatly benefited the pre-colonial Europeans. This eventually led to European Renaissance. However the English only dwelt on brain washing the Indian learners that all that Indian civilization espoused was repugnant. The aim of this kind of instruction was to generate a docile learner who would believe that the English were symbols of what was ‘right’. This strategy did work as seen from the eventual long stay and grip that Britain had on India. But, the English masters, after having made some strides in propagating the type of ‘values’ they wanted imparted, discovered that Indians could still know their rich heritage through some of the material which still existed in Sanskrit language7. To handle this, the colonial masters developed a stratagem to learn and translate the material to conform to t heir aims. So, there eventually arose a situation where skewed translation was done to be compatible with the aims of colonial masters. There was also a deliberate effort to exclude local examples in learning material. All the principles taught were Eurocentric. For instance, the Indian student would not be exposed to remarkable Indian contributors such as Panini, Bhaskar and others, but they would be taught about notable westerners like Isaac Newton, Archimedes etc. They were also not exposed to great Indian writers like Jataka or even Panchatantra. Also, the literary theories that they were exposed to were all Eurocentric. Caste system The British had several strategies and one among them was the divide and rule strategy. Though the Indian society had its diverse elements like religion culture and even the caste system, the English capitalized and even made sure that these divisions were structured in such a way that they gained so much prominence8. Religion was a major target. Th e Indian society comprised of Hindu, Muslims and even Buddhists among others. The English therefore, designed strategies to alienate these diverse groups from each other. The society became fragmented. At one point this fragmentation has been claimed to account for the violent confrontations towards the last 25 years of British rule in India. Communities rose against each other and violence erupted9. Britain’s initial fear of Islam led to the blanket exclusion of all Indians from holding positions of authority in India. No Indian was therefore granted a position of influence. To further alienate the Muslims, official documents were done in Sanskrit or English, and not Urdu, which was associated with Islam. This alienated the Muslim elite from the day to day running of the state of affairs. Thus, no local language family would find its way into official matters. Further, the caste system added to this mix. The British structured the caste system. In fact the system dates back to pre-colonial times, many have viewed the British as having advanced it. This is because they classified everyone into caste, religion and even tribe. This made it possible for the English to wade off a united resistance, in case one arose10. This strategy worked well for it managed to divert the attention of Indians from social troubles such as state of the economy. War Instruments Faced with imminent revolt, the British had an organized force that was to be used to crush any dissent. For this to be achieved, legislation was passed so as in case the people labeled as extremists revolted, they would be adequately stopped in their tracks as the way the disturbances of the Punjab of 1919 were stopped. In fact, this situation did manifest itself in the massacre of about 400 unarmed Indians at Jallianwala11. Records show that in its effort to destroy Indian heritage, the British converted forts into military garrisons. There were numerous barracks that were constructed to replace thes e forts and other sites which initially had monumental significance. These places were converted beyond recognition. Loyalism The British, though with low significant numbers in India, managed to control India through a crop of loyalists in India. The nationalists were against the British but loyalists formed the group that countered these nationalists. The British thus relied greatly on this group to survive for a long time since it divided the cause of the nationalists. To achieve this, the British capitalized on the rivalries that were there between native rulers. The Indians Maharajas also gave the British the much needed support and loyalty. Another group that provided the much needed support was the new British educated intelligentsia12. Loyalism became a strong political force that the British used to extend its grip on India. The elites greatly feared the rule of the masses. Due to this, they preferred the British rule. The British on the other hand, reciprocated this unfett ering support by feting these loyalists. They rewarded these loyalist elements in society. The loyalists did not at all question anything that the British did. In fact the loyalists kept mum even as British transferred Indian wealth to Britain. One such loyalist was Sir Salar Jung who was the prime minister of the state of Hyderabad. He employed mercenaries on behalf of the British to handle a mutiny that occurred.. This Brute force to tackle the mutineers was just motivated by his loyalty to the British. In the end the British feted and praised him by referring to his support and contribution as â€Å"Priceless†. Conclusion The long stay of British in India has been a puzzle to many, considering the long time it took to maintain such grip. What is even amazing is that the British physical presence was not quite significant. However, all fingers point at shrewd strategy and the nature of India at that time. For instance British capitalized on the diversity of the Indian socie ty such as castes, religion, tribe and even political rivalry to achieve this end. All in all, the British stay in India forms an interesting study. Bibliography Cotton, James Sutherland and Payne, Edward John. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883. Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1984. Riddick, John. The history of British India: a chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Shiva, Vandana. India Divided: Diversity and Democracy under Attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005. Taher, Mohammed. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993. Footnotes 1 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications P VT, 1993, p. 67 2 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 58 3 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993, p. 99 4 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 79 5 Edward Said. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993, p 134 6 Vandana Shiva, India Divided: diversity and democracy under attack. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005, p. 112 7 John F Riddick. The history of British India: a chronology. Pennsylvania: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 112 8 Sutherland Cotton,James and Edward John Payne. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883, p.68 9 Mohammed Taher. Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion. Philosophy History and Social Aspects. London: Anmol Publications PVT, 1993, p. 154 10Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: popular prakashan, 1984, p. 76 11 Sutherland Cotton,James and Edward John Payne. Colonies and Dependencies. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1883, p. 98 12 Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai. India’s Path of Development: A Marxist Approach. Bombay: popular prakashan, 1984,p. 79

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