Sunday, September 22, 2019
Theories of Counseling Essay Example for Free
Theories of Counseling Essay Counseling                        Counseling comes from the word counseil (Middle English), conseil (Old French), consilium (Latin); it means to take counsel or to consult. There are so many definitions that you can apply with the word counseling as there are people who practice this to describe it more comprehensively. Frank Parsons was the one who originated this term in the year 1908. This term was adopted by Carl Rogers because he was not permitted by the psychiatry profession to call himself a psychotherapist and in response to widespread prejudice in the United States against lay therapist. Counselor                        Counselor is the term to a person or individual who has an intellectual, psychological, emotional and mental capability in listening and responding to one’s illness in mind and emotion.                        As a counselor, there are few points that should be done systematically and constantly. A counselor should be a great listener. He should listen effectively and wisely to what his client is saying. Counselor should work with its client with a define goal and thoughts with respect to the client’s values and cultural living. He should respond correctly with every feeling his client is dealing and be able to facilitate its thoughts and worries about a certain situation. He should know how and what to advise to help his client gain their own sight and understanding into how they should act, feel, and think in each given parameters of situation. A counselor should be a good teacher and a good model to help and teach his client express their emotions in its own way of living, work out its solutions to its specific problems, accept the things that cannot be changed in their life, and supports their counselor-client relationship while doing all this process. Counselor should know how to help his client become empowered to act in ways that are best in their own interest and should be able to use a variety of techniques to help his client explore and gain confidence in their life. Characteristics of a Helping Relationship                       The helping relationship is defined as the process of promoting the growth, development, maturity, functioning and coping skills in another person. Fundamentally, the helping or healing practices used in this process must be consistent with the value system of those you are trying to help. The diversity of First Nations people suggests that understanding how he or she sees the world is the best guide to establishing a helping relationship. Yet among traditional healing practices in all cultures, there seems to be two principal phases of the helping process, an inward exploratory phase and an outward action phase. However, we feel the First Nations approach must include four principle dimensions. In both phases, the dimensions of the spiritual, physical, emotional and social are explored and utilized. While the wheel represents them in parts, in fact they are integrated into every aspect of our being. Phase one is characterized by an inward direction in which a relationship is established and the problem or concern is explored. This means that the level of trust you develop will form how you interact with the person you want to help. Trust is the principle grease that facilitates the helping process. The exploratory nature of this phase suggests that the peer support giver listens in an active way, paying attention not only to what is being said, but also to how it is being said. The second phase of the helping process is characterized by an outward direction in which a course of action is outlined and implemented. The peer support giver works in a cooperative manner as the problem is being worked through. Helping generally does not move in a direct line. In this sense, helping is cyclical or more like a wavy circle as compared to a linear line which moves directly from a statement of the issue to a solution (Roger,61).                        Helping Relationship is also called Therapeutic relationship. It is a special instance of interpersonal relationships and all the same lawfulness governs all such relationships. In other words, helping relationship might be defined as one in which one of the participant in a so-called process intends that there should come about, in one or both individuals, more functional use of the latent inner resources of the person. A helping relationship is like when you are dealing with a physician and his patient or the relationship between teacher and student. All counselor-client relationships, in all kinds of counseling are a category for helping relationship. In this include the wide range of relationships between the counselor and the client and the relationship between the therapist and the increasing number of the normal individuals who enter therapy to improve their own system of functioning or to accelerate their personal growth of living. There are many kinds of one-to-one relationships. But there are large number of these are intended to helping relationships. Interaction between the counselor and his client is belonging in this situation. The interaction between the consultants is intended as a helping relationship. These things will sum up that the fact that many of the relationship in which many patients are involved fall within this part of interactions in which there is the purpose of promoting development and more mature and analytical method of functioning.                        Many of the studies involving this matter about helping relationship throw light on the attitudes on the part of the helping person which make a relationship growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting as its characteristics.                   In a study given by Baldwin about parent-child relationships shows great evidence about the characteristics of helping relationships. The characteristics of a parent-child relationship are also related and can be applied to other similar cases of counseling. The counselor who is warmly emotional and expressive, respectful of the individuality of himself and of his client should be able to exhibits a non-possessive caring to facilitate self-realization much as the client is dealing with their own attitudes.                        There should be also a high degree of agreement among the client and the one who is counseling regardless of the orientation of their elements in unhelpful relationships. Guiding one another is mildly perceived with each step of the way in the given process to have an acceptable procedure in the end of the counseling therapy. Interaction between a client and the counselor in the helping relationship is pointing out and labeling the behaviors which had proves unsatisfying, exploring objectively with the client the reasons behind their behaviors and established a re-education more effective problem-solving habits. In all kind of interaction, its main objective as many counselor practices was to be impersonal with every move they are dealing with in a helping relationship. The counselor should permits as little of his own personality to intrude as is humanly possible. It is the clue to the failure of this approach, as it’s interprets the facts in the light of the other research studies. A helping relationship withhold one’s self as a person and to deal with the other person as an object which does not have a high probability of being helpful to its client.                        Provided by a similar attraction of process in a helping relationship, we can say that one characteristic of it is working in the field of human relationships has a similar problem in knowing how to use such research knowledge.                        Helping relationship is the kind of relationship created by an individual who psychologically mature. The degree to which I can create relationships which facilitate the growth of other people as separate persons is a measure of the growth achieved by the counselor. First step in dealing with counselor-client relationships                        There are some significant elements that a counselor should always first cover up in his first session with his client. The first stage of a counseling method is the most critical part of the process because it is the starting foundation of a good and well-sound relationship between the client and the counselor. The first and the most important part the counselor must cover up are to gain the trust and the emotion of its client. The counselor should gain the knowledge and the points of view on how his client is dealing so he will be able to know how to deal with it in its specific situation and be able to plot the problems on how they will take it in a systematical way of approach. The counselor should the first time they meet, the problems where his client is dealing and the goals that they are enlisted to aim in order to process the thinking and the right relationship with each other. They should come up a very good feeling with themselves specially the patient. The most important thing when dealing with your client at the first time you’ve met is the foundation of your relationship. It will be the starting point of your mission that’s why it is very critical. The ways and step by step process should be well plotted and organized (Corey, 114). Your main responsibilities in counseling are to attend your regularly scheduled sessions, talk about what is bothering you as openly and honestly as you can, and complete any tasks or homework assignments you may be asked to do. You are expected to let your counselor know if you are unable to make it to a session. Most counseling will require you to try something new or a different approach. Another thing your counselor will expect is for you to be willing to experiment and try things without jumping to conclusions. You are also expected to let your counselor know when your problems have been solved as well as let your counselor know if you dont feel like youre making any progress. This latter point is most important: your counselor is most interested in your benefiting from counseling. One of the most difficult steps in counseling occurs before you even see a counselor for the first time. Deciding to seek counseling is the first step in change. Once this decision has been made, the mechanics for change have been set in motion. In the process of changing the way you think, feel, or behave, you usually must try out new ways of doing things. This can make you anxious or frustrated. Also, in the course of counseling you may come to realize that things you once thought of only in a positive or negative way you may see a bit differently. The challenges of pushing on your limitations may also cause your frustrations, but with commitment and practice, you will find that you can stretch your limits and find new and exciting aspects of your self (Corey, 114). Theories and Techniques in Counseling                                    Biblical Psychology for me is the most useful and effective techniques in counseling in whatever type of this in accordance to the biblical theory of counseling. God looks at us from the perspective of our feelings, doings and root levels, and we are to do the same. It is through these levels; we assess and evaluate the problem, the diagnostics. Our feelings tell us what is happening, but we are not to make decisions or live by those feelings. This is what distinguishes a Christian from the world. The world lives by feelings but a Christian lives by his will and his will is based on the word of God which is the will of God. He is to do what God says to do regardless of his feelings. The doing of Gods word regardless of feelings is illustrated by Gods commandment to love our enemies, do well to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who persecute you. This is all contrary to our natural feelings but our true self in exercising Gods command, the self in union with the Holy Spirit, transcends the natural and changes our feelings into compassion rather than retaliation.                        The emphasis in the Christian life is in the doing. It is the doing that changes our feelings as well as our root level. As we do what Gods word commands, the Holy Spirit changes our root from selfishness and self-centeredness, to conform us to the image of the Lord Jesus Christ in our very root being. This is a lifelong process that continues changing us from glory to glory when we simply obey Gods word. Accordingly, we are to view the problem from Gods perspective, and His word provides the solution, the hope, and with hope are changes that are necessary, and the practice of these changes to conform you to the image of Christ.                        Depending upon your problem or situation, the following are provided to assist you in seeking Gods solution; Orientation to Biblical Counseling- An eight week training course to provide students with a basic knowledge on how to handle their problems Gods way as opposed to the worlds way, Establish a Foundation for Biblical Discipleship- A five week program for new Christians, teaching them how to grow and mature in Christ. This could be used for individual counseling or a classroom setting and Strengthening Your Marriage- A ten week course for pre-marital and marital situations. These are worksheets designed for individual counseling situations, and deal with a variety of sin problems and the solutions thereof. The Life Studies are divided into three categories; Guilt and Shame as the past, anger and bitterness as the present and fear as the future. These time segments cover all of lifes experiences and must be dealt with biblically. Counselee must know that he is identified with Christ, that by the blood of our Lord, counselees conscience is washed and cleansed of guilt and shame once and forever. Now he is to live the new life, empowered by the Holy Spirit, collaborating with God, to deal with his present, the daily offenses and irritations of life, and thereby establish Gods will on earth. Thus, he is enabled to leave the future in Gods hands. We should always remember: You are given life so that Life may indwell you, Christ Himself, and you are to work out this life daily being conformed to His image. Gods word is your authority, and the indwelling Holy Spirit is your power to enable you to be a blessing instead of a curse on this earth. Go now as you make a disciple of yourself, go and make disciples of others and fulfill Christs command. Let a godly lifestyle be a living witness of Christ walking this earth in, as, and through you.            Another theory that I am willing to learn more is the systemic interversions. Systemic interventions are premised upon the assumption that ones environment elicits and supports the individuals dysfunctional cognitive, behavioral and affective responses. The go goal of systemic interventions is to change the individuals social environment or system, thus changing the patterns of interrelationship that elicited or supported these responses. Examples of systemic interventions (in addition to those in the preceding categories that also produce system change) include: altering communication patterns through role play and renegotiation, altering family (or system) structure by reconstructing boundaries, the family genogram, family sculpture, and providing directives for change. Children pose special issues in the selection of counseling interventions for several reasons. They have little power or control over their environment, or may lack the cognitive or affective development to respond to some interventions. For this reason, a systemic view which involves significant adults in their world often is the most effective approach to intervention selection.                        There are a lot of techniques in counseling and the most that I am capable to apply is the progressive relaxation. These are one of the relaxation techniques in counseling. Most of the time, we are unaware of tension in our bodies until it escalates into headaches, muscle tightness, even vomiting, diarrhea, and ulcers in more extreme situations. An important part of recovery is becoming aware of our feelings. Our thoughts and feelings are major sources of this tension; creating tightness in neck and shoulders, the lower back, stomach, or legs and feet. However, we arent always aware of our internal state, so, another way to recognize and manage some of our internal feelings is through identifying what it feels like to be tense. Progressive relaxation can help us learn to recognize the tension or stress in our bodies, so we can stop it before it becomes a major physical problem (headache, muscle tightness, etc). Progressive Relaxation exercises purposefully create tension beginning from one end of our bodies to the other. What’s the purpose? It helps us recognize what tense and relaxed feels like. Since we all store stress in our bodies, we can only release body tension if we are aware of it (Roger, 61).  III. Life experience                        My past life experiences is cruel and difficult. I encountered many problems and difficulties when I was a child. I am an adopted child who was molested and put on foster care. I think that this life experience of mine is a big advantage when dealing with my client. Increasing numbers of molested and abused children are very significant today.                         According to a 2001 study by the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation that used federal data, annual direct costs including medical, police, court and welfare costs of all child abuse is $24 billion. In addition, an estimated 10 to 20 percent of 1 million cases today are of child abuse. According to the National Institute of Justice, 26 percent of abused and neglected children become juvenile delinquents, and 13 percent of violent crime can be linked to earlier child maltreatment. Research by the U.S. Bureau of Justice found that about 22 percent of imprisoned child sex offenders reported having been sexually abused during childhood (Stevens, 2005)                        It is estimated that 20 to 40 percent of adult women in the United States were sexually abused before the age of 18. For men, the range is 10 to 20 percent. Thats 24 million to 48 million women and 11 million to 22 million men. Almost every child is vulnerable to child molestation. Victims can be boys as well as girls and older as well as younger. There are many kinds of child molestation. Examples of this are; Touching or fondling, flashing or exposing adult genitals to a child, showing x-rated material to a child, deviant sexual activity such as defecation, urination, bondage, or sadomasochism and normal sexual activity such as vaginal or anal intercourse or oral stimulation of the genitals. Child molesters are either coaxing or persuading a child into sexual activity or forcing and threatening to harm a child into sexual activity. They most often manipulate child victims into complying with sexual activity by grooming them with attention, affection and gifts over a period of time. This grooming agenda of a molester is usually aimed at the parent of very young children in order for the child molester to obtain the family’s trust and thereby have an access to the child (Stevens, 2005).                        With my own life experiences, I gradually think that it will be a greater advantage for me to able to comply and deal with my client to help in his problem especially if my client is also a molested child. Therefore, I can relate with my client much easier and comfortable. Nature of Clients                        In accordance to my life experiences, I am very willing to deal with people who also encountered and came from similar life experience as mine. It will be easy for me to dwell with this kind of people because I am capable enough to handle and understand their emotion and behavior in this kind of problem. I am not looking to deal with people who molest. Those people are the hardest thing for me to approach. Bibliography Corey; Theory and Practice of Counseling; 7th edition Helping Relationship; Educational compliment, May 2000           www.educ.uvic.ca/faculty/hfrance/2.htm; September 23, 2007 Rogers, Carl R.; A Therapist View of Psychotherapy, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York, 1961 Stevens, Ellen Jane; Myths cover up further tragedies in Episode of Child Molestation            Sunday Edition, April 3, 2005
Friday, September 20, 2019
Effects of Fossil Fuels
Effects of Fossil Fuels Every year, 5.5 million people die prematurely because of air pollution (Lelieveld et al 367). In fact, that number is more than the deaths caused by malaria and HIV/Aids combined. By 2050, the number is projected to double if the problem cannot be tackled properly (Carrington). When asked how to address this problem, a common answer is to reduce our fossil fuels productions. But how can we the world together solve this problem? In the recent book This Changes Everything, the author, Naomi Klein describes how the world is struggling to reduce carbon emissions, and we are approaching the point where climate change is soon to be out of control. The author expresses her indignation about the machinations of big polluters and their collaborators, and concludes with a hope of a revolution when societies suddenly decide they have had enough (Klein 464), so only mass social movements can save us now (Klein 450). To do so, she urges people to act and apply comprehensive boycotts, divestments , and penalties against lobbied politicians, parties, countries and corporations that are destroying our resources and future. One of the remedies she mentions is the divestment movement which can stop the intention of pushing the planet beyond the boiling point of big oil companies (Klein 354). Divestment def: Divestment is considered as one of the few remaining practical strategies likely to awaken organizations and individuals around the world to the powerful necessity of massive and immediate action to fight against climate change and extractivsm because it is morally, strategically and financially important. Greenhouse gas emissions in the world are continuing to increase rapidly, yet the climate is worse than anticipated. Scientific evidence suggests that, with the absence of significant progress to slow emissions, the climate of the earth will warm up at least 3 degrees Celsius, if not more. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change conclude that if future temperature increases two or three more degree, one-sixth of the worlds population would face floods or droughts and reduce crop production in Africa enough to put several hundred million people at risk of starvation (Lockwood). In order to keep the world safe, international commitments based on scientific evidence have committed to keep warming around 2 °C of the pre-industrial baseline. However, the earth is currently at about 0.8 °C above this pre-industrial level (IPCC). Without strong and meaningful solutions to slow down emissions, the dangers of warming at higher levels such as 3 °C or 6 °C wi ll likely result in the sea level rise up to three feet by 2100 and ten feet by 2300 (World Bank). Hundred millions people will have to seek for new settlements. Catastrophic fires will take place in Amazon forests more often, which is responsible for ten percent of the worlds oxygen supply. Yet, the Himalayan ice sheet will melt, causing 2 billion people in Asia losing water supply for drinking and farming. However, fossil fuel extraction companies rely on extracting resources that are incompatible with the 2 °C warming threshold. Carbon budget has been estimated at 565 gigatons of carbon dioxide in 2012, but fossil fuel companies hold reserves that are estimated at 2795 gigatons which is five times as much compared to the carbon budget. In other words, only 20 percent of their reserves can be exploited and burned without exceeding the 2 °C warming threshold, and the other 80 percent must be kept intact in the ground. Despite the truth that burning fossil fuel will ca use the world to reach the limit of warming, they continue to extract and also pour billion of dollars every years into finding new resources, about 674 billion in 2012. Furthermore, they have spent billion on exploring unconventional fossil fuels which are more harmful to the environment such as coal seam gas and tar sand. These activities are considered as unscrupulous behaviors, regardless of whether these extraction and exploration companies are putting money into research and development methods related to cleaner harnessing methods and alternatives, and alsotheir activities have contravened local laws or jeopardized indigenous peoples health by causing water contamination and releasing emissions during the exploitation process. To smoothen those exploitation processes, fossil fuel companies have funded climate change deniers and influenced politicians to ensure legislations that limit environmental rules can be passed. They also advertise campaigns against proposed initiatives , exaggerating the potential job losses and imbalance of energy security. Therefore, fossil fuel companies have shown a lack of integrity and accountability, so continuing to invest in these companies does not fit social morality any more. As in Bill McKibbens words, If its wrong to wreck the planet, then its wrong to profit from that wreckage. However, fossil fuel companies and opponents argue that the world is so dependent on fossil fuels, and any abrupt change will impact on the poorest countries and communities because only fossil fuels can lift them out of poverty. In fact, the world has seen that alternative energy has brought benefits to the worlds poor. For example, in Bangladesh and Mongolia, more than 3.5 million solar homes systems have been installed in rural Bangladesh, creating 70,000 direct jobs (World bank). The solar homes system has been changing their lives by not only lighting up their homes with low-cost energy, but also provide a safer energy source to cook rat her than burning coal and wood because indoor air pollution is one of the main causes of death in these countries, due to the use of dirty oil or coal plant to cook (Varma). If we perceive that destroying the climate in which humanity evolved by promoting fossil fuel emissions is wrong, then making profit from investing in these companies is also unethical. Divesting may not prevent fossil fuel companies from continuing their activities. It will, however, put the pressure on them to behave responsibly and make them not to continue acting with impunity. Although there is a widespread agreement that institutional investors leaving their funds will not directly harm fossil fuel companies, there may be a direct financial impact on the areas where funds are reinvested. Renewable energy and other clean technology companies are widely recognized as under-capitalized, meaning that greater investment in these sectors could help push the development of alternative and renewable energy. In a report in 2014, the IEA confirms that global financial support for fossil fuels in which exploration is only a portion, was estimated at $ 550 billion in 2013. That was four times the subsidies for renewable energy. Because of the huge costs for exploring reserves and the fluctuation in prices of coal and oil, these generous public subsidies are deemed uneconomic, holding back investment in renewable. But if billion of dollars are withdrawn from fossil fuels companies, what are the sectors where the investments could yield high returns and also facilitate the transition to renewable and clean energy system? A recent report from the Sustainable Conservation Alliance found that colleges investing in lighting and heating energy efficiency at their facilities earned an average return on investment of 28 percent. Renewable electricity generation such as wind, solar and biomass, not only reduces emissions but also creates jobs. Some investors argue that fossil fuels companies promise to make fossil fuels become a cleaner source of energy, so divestment is not necessary. The fact that large fossil fuel companies often have some activities in the field of renewable energy makes the divestment movement become complicated. Some observers also argue that shareholder involvement may motivate fossil-fuel companies to convert into renewable energy providers. However, renewable energy accounts for only a small proportion of activities, reaching a peak of 6% by 2015), and there is currently no sign that the transition will occur. As Klein asserts, And even as the demand for renewables increases, the pe rcentage the fossil fuel companies spend on them keeps shrinking by 2011, most of the majors were spending less than 1 percent of their overall expenditures on alternative energy, with Chevron and Shell spending a deeply unimpressive 2.5 percent. New reserves are still being exploited and explored although in most cases further development is incompatible with the limits of safe climate change. Historically, companies and industries that have not been able to grow fast enough to transform their underlying business operations tend to become outdated and then replaced by new ones. Divestment can facilitate the transition to clean economy. That a massive global transition away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energies, led by solar, also means that there are and will continue to be competitive investment returns earned from carefully selected investment exposure to renewables. The movement is criticized when it gets more attention. It is described as an empty strategy: When you sell your shares, new investors will take your spot. They also have the same influence. Therefore, some investors claim that the divestment from fossil fuel companies is a symbolic act. But what the emergence of this networked, grassroots movement means is that the next time climate campaigners get into a room filled with politicians and polluters to negotiate, there will be many thousands of people outside the doors with the power to amp up the political pressure significantly with heightened boycotts, court cases, and more militant direct action should real progress fail to materialize. And that is a very significant shift indeed. (Klein 355) History shows that divestment campaigns do work by removing the social license of the companies and casting them as social pariahs that run counter to social values. This results in a country or industry running into serious difficulties. As Nelson Mandela and Bishop Tutu have insisted, the divestment campaign in the 1980s was critical to the overthrow of apartheid in South Africa. In the 1990s a divestment helped bring major changes in the tobacco industry after decades of denial. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a recent Oxford University study has shown,1 even when divestment has no direct, substantial financial impact on companies, it helps to remove the social license of companies pursuing highly destructive practices. In doing so it helps build a movement that harms the public image of these companies, reduces their political support, and thus impacts their financial interests. Such a campaign can thus help convince the companies to act in a more socially and environmentally responsible way. The campaign can also help convince governments to restrict the GHG emissions of the fossil fuel industry. True, fossil fuel is not in itself a social evil the way apartheid or tobacco addiction are. However, the impact or global warming caused by fossil fuels is far more extensive than apartheid and tobacco. And that impact will be hardest for developing countries and the poor, and the devastating social injustice that will result outstrips the terrible consequences of apartheid. Similarly, the health impacts of global warming will be more deadly than tobacco addiction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fossil fuel companies are aware of the devastating harm they are causing and will cause. Yet they are working very hard to continue profiting from the use of fossil fuels and they are fighting against the promotion of renewable energy that we need. While the production of energy itself is a social necessity, to knowingly continue the production of energy that will cause vast pain and destruction for the financial gain of a few is indeed evil. If you own fossil fuels you own global warming. You own the most likely cause of global economic and possibly even civilization-level failure, and moreover, you own a power source that is having an increasingly tough time competing economically. The human community has never faced such certain and devastating consequences if action is not taken. Apart from nuclear war, climate change dominates all previous threats to humanity in its scope and extent. The magnitude of the threat in itself represents a powerful argument in favor of divestment. The movement will send an important message to the world that climate change is happening and immediate actions are needed through reducing greenhouse gas emissions and shifting rapidly to the carbon-free world. Such changes can be considered disruptive and difficult, but necessary and will benefit human health and wellbeing in the short run and in the years and decades to come. There are strong moral and financial reasons for organizations an d individuals to divest from fossil fuels. Also, divestment is an opportunity for organizations to align their investments with their values and show leadership on climate action. It is not only a political issue or something to be handled by big organizations. Anyone can do something to contribute and to convince institutions to divest. Maybe there is a local divestment group you could join or simply support the international campaigns of 350.org. Ask your bank if they are still investing in fossil fuels. It is up to us to decide where our money is working for.
The Abnormal Aspect of Othello :: Othello essays
The Abnormal Aspect of Othello     Let us in this essay discuss the abnormal outlook on life found in Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello. Is a distorted view on life expressed only by the villain?  Iago is generally recognized as the one character possessing and operating by abnormal psychology. But Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes tells of the time when the hero himself approached â€Å"madness†:  Othello himself cries:  thou hast set me on the rack. I swear ‘t is better to be much abus’d Than but to know a little.  And then we find him torturing himself with the thoughts of Cassio’s kisses on Desdemona’s lips, and he reiterates the property idea in his talk of being robbed. From this time on, Othello has become the slave of passion. As he cries farewell to the tranquil mind, to content, to war and his occupation, as he demands that Iago prove his love a whore, as he threatens Iago and begs for proof at the same time, he is finally led almost to the verge of madness [. . .] . (165)  Fortunately the protagonist regains his equilibrium, and when he does kill, it is for the noble reason of cleansing the world of a â€Å"strumpet.†On the other hand, the baseness of the villain Iago never alters. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies describes the irrationality and self-destructiveness of the ancient’s behavior:  Emilia understands that jealousy is not a rational affliction but a self-induced disease of the mind. Jealous persons, she tells Desdemona, â€Å"are not ever jealous for the cause, / But jealous for they’re jealous. It is a monster / Begot upon itself, born on itself†(3.4.161 – 163). Iago’s own testimonial bears this out, for his jealousy is at once wholly irrational and agonizingly self-destructive. â€Å"I do suspect the lusty Moor / Hath leaped into my seat, the thought thereof / Doth , like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my innards†(2.1.296 – 298). (223)  Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants affirms the Bard’s commitment to abnormal psychology, and his employment of same in this play:  That Shakespeare was keenly interested in the study of the abnormal mind is commonly accepted among students. [. . .] The suggestion that Iago may have been intentionally drawn as a psychopathic personality is not new. [. . .] Even a casual scrutiny of a book on case histories of psychopathic patients will find Iago peeping out from many of its pages.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
When a Health Professional takes Advantage of a Patient Essay -- Explo
Picture yourself in this situation: A family member, extremely mentally troubled, has been seeing a psychologist for eight years. Over the course of this long therapy, you, as an interacting observer, see this relative’s mental and physical health deteriorate at an unsteady yet often exponentially quick rate. Between times of displayed complacency and calmness, you see climactic emotional outbursts that are always, though unbelievable to you at the time, outdone and outmatched by the next. You see this person controlled by not only anger but hateâ€â€hatred toward other family members; hatred that has burned like a wild fire for decades, always growing and with little hope of extinguishing; hatred that sometimes gets so out of hand that it will often attack even those most loved. You see this family member become increasingly fragile physically: not eating well or enough; not sleeping at all, and only a little after taking sleeping pills so strong they’d knock out a horse; skin so pale and weak against a bony skeleton that at times you find yourself looking directly into the face of a ghost. You hear implied threats of suicide often enough, but not too often, so that you don’t know what to make of them, whether they are true cries for help or a whole new method or angle of verbal manipulation. You see all this over time, all while this close relative of yours has been in therapy with the same psychologist for at least three hours per week, every week, for eight years. What you don’t see is improvement. Though you can only speculate what issues and goals are being addressed in this relative’s therapy, you don’t see resolution on any one issue. You don’t see a forward progression since the first issues addressed eight years ago... ...Dept. of Consumer Affairs. Everstine, Louis, and Diane Sullivan Everstine, eds. Psychotherapy and the Law. Orlando: Grune & Stratton, 1986. Filing a Complaint with the Board of Psychology. Pamphlet. Sacramento: Dept. of Consumer Affairs. Finkel, Norman J. Therapy and Ethics: The Courtship of Law and Psychology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1980. Gorlin, Rena A., ed. Codes of Professional Responsibility. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1994. Keith-Spiegel, Patricia, and Gerald P. Koocher. Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. New York: Random House, 1985. Perschbacher, Debbie. Personal Interview. 4 Mar. 1999. Rodolfa, Emil. Personal Interview. 3 Mar. 1999. Schutz, Benjamin M. Legal Liability in Psychotherapy: A Practitioner’s Guide to Risk Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub., 1982.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
A Comparison of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Dead Poets Society :: comparison compare contrast essays
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Dead Poet's Society     As a human being we are constantly reminded in our life span to "Live our lives to the fullest". At lease once in your life i'm sure you've heard of the saying "seize the day". It means you should live your life to the best of your abilities. You should strive to learn new things and live a satisfying life so you have no regrets in life. Many romantics strongly believe in this theory. They feel that you should take advantage of every opportunity that comes your way and that there are so many good things in the world. Our society today is a very realistic one. People get up in the mornings and go through their daily routine. They wake up, get ready, go to work, come home, eat dinner, go to bed and do the same thing over and over in their lifetime that many feel they have wasted their lives. Only when one sees this pattern and wants to change it can they have a more fulfilling life. Society is responsible for putting this ideal lifestyle into effect an d controlling our lives. In One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, by Ken Kesey, and the film Dead poets Society, there is a similarity in the main characters experiencing the realizations of society and its institutions, which are imposed by Nurse Ratchid and Mr. Noland. Nurse Ratchid and Mr. Noland are realists affected by society and therefore use conformity to their advantage of control. While the very romantic McMurphy and Mr. Keating rise up as leaders expressing individuality against conformity. The outspoken Bromden and Todd fight for freedom and responsibility ending in success as characters; all characters fighting against the institutions society has imposed.  When a person has to constantly make the rules something happens to them as a person. Nurse Ratchid is one who has been affected by society and has lost a part of herself. She hides all womanly aspects of her body because she has been lost in conformity. Because she treats them as machines she is compared to as a machine:   Her face is smooth, calculated, and precision-made, like an expensive baby doll, skin like flesh- colored enamel, blend of white and cream and baby-blue eyes, small nose, pink little nostrils-everything working together except the color on her lips and fingernails, and the size of her bosom.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Media on sex miseducation Essay
This research paper tackles the contentious issues of the impacts of media on sex mis education as well as the child mistreatment. The paper zeros down on the problem by analyzing the prevalence and extend of the problem in the society . It shows the root causes of this problem like the demand for sexual materials by the public that compels the media to mislead the teens on sexual issues as they advertise using such materials and the advancement of technology that has made spread of information to be unlimited. The paper highlights the anticipated risks like social decay, spread of sexually transmitted diseases and upsurge of unwanted pregnancies as the dangers which may arise if the problem is not adequately addressed. Lastly, the paper suggests the possible solutions to this problem as putting in place constitutionally entrenched regulatory agencies to control the content of media products, giving more training to the media personnel on this problem and designing information which portrays the positive aspects of sexuality like family planning as well s being advocator for children’s’ rights. Introduction With the advent of information and communication technology the mass media sector has recorded enormous continuous growth over the last three decades (Keenan, 2007). Basically media refers to the channels that are used to convey information to the people. Media can be classified into two categories namely: the print and the broadcast media. The broadcast media includes the videos, radios, movies, internet, both the cable and broadcast channels and TVs while the print media includes the magazines and the newspapers. Studies have shown that the radio is the leading media for communication in the developing world followed by the TV while in developed countries TV and internet take the lead respectively. The mass media is very vital in the conveyance of information to the people and as such, the content of the information being communicated is of paramount importance since it models the behavior and attitude of people on their daily lives (Turtorn, 2008). This is manifested in the way they respond to their political, economical, social and cultural environments in which they live. Essentially, media has been of great help in all spheres of mankind’s life though with its uncontrolled growth and advancement of technology world over it has resulted to social deterioration and decay. This is has happened in the developed countries and in some urban areas of the developing countries where accessibility to the mass media has increased many folds as compared to the past ( Keenan,2007). Due to this trend, the media has led to sex miseducation and child maltreatment. Studies that have been done by leading research centers from various parts of the globe have indicated that the young people forms the highest number of people who use media with sexually oriented and child abuse programs. This is especially on media like the TV and the internet. The effects of media on sex miseducation While the prime role of any media is to inform the public about various aspects of life affecting them, it is evident that revenue generation has substituted this noble role upon which the purpose of media is anchored. This is primarily taking place due to unrelenting pressure of competition in the media industry from media providers. To fetch more consumers the media they must offer what the consumers demand. Studies have demonstrated that consumers of the media products are mostly attracted by products that are sexually oriented. According to Jacobvirtz (1999), most media providers accrue the highest proceeds from advertisements. As such for the media providers to capture the advertisement revenue, they are indirectly compelled by the consumers to accompany their advertisements with some sexual content which will boost their sales by attracting more customers. Advertisements of this nature take lead in promotions of the tourism, beauty, alcohol and music industries that are of great interest to the youth. In his research Turton (2008),points out that various characteristics of the TV like its accessibility ,popularity ,ability to persuade have made it a prominent instructor that provides a chance for viewers to get informed about matters of sex and sexuality without fear. It presents sex as something for the youth, unmarried, beautiful and who admire to become celebrities. As result of such misconception, this has led to the young people being victims of sexually transmitted diseases and especially the sweeping HIV and AIDS which has prove to be incurable so far. In a study by Braunwald(1995),it was revealed that about 66% of media coverage carry sexual content and during every season the media programs are designed with more sex oriented content compared to the last season. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that media programs that have high popularity among the teenagers contain information that is related to sexual matters. The effects of media on sex miseducation has had far reaching impacts to the youth, for instance studies have revealed that increased accessibility to mass media is directly associated with loss of contentment for virginity among the adolescents. Studies further disclose that teenagers who are for the view that sexual content should be displayed on the mass media have high chances of not being contented with their first encounter of making love. In addition, adolescents who have access to TV programs showing high sexual content, deem the incidences of casual sex experiences positively unlike the teenagers who have not been exposed to such programs. Also, various surveys have disclosed that young people who watch sex related movies are usually against the use of condoms which is unlike to the other youths. Finally ,in a research that was done by the American Association the Pediatrics(AAP) it was demonstrated that youths who were highly exposed to sexual shows over the mass media had increased chances of getting pregnant or impregnating others as compared to their colleagues who lacked exposure to such shows.
Monday, September 16, 2019
Mix Racial and Cultural Groups Are Growing in the United States Essay
Mixed Racial and Cultural Groups is increased by a marginal number in the United States. The growth of these multiracial groups started to surface through migration of different ethnics and raised most of their families in the United States even through marriage. These are some of the issues that have been raised by individual people of having an entity separation of mixed race and cultural or to considered them as Americans without a hyphen. Thinking about this issue myself, and thinking of my two children who married to a different ethnic rather than Samoans. These questions come to mind about this issue: How, Why, and what the three words that needs a big explanation about this matter. According to multiracial Americans, Americans whose identity as two or more races identifies with just one group culturally and socially. From statistics that I got from online, stated that about 2. 9% of the population in the year 2010 are self-identified as multiracial. The identity or the classification of the people’s identification is generally according to the culture they were raised in. Social segregation in many areas of the country is forming interracial unions or cultural group. The diversity of social conditions through migrations brought new groups of people to the United States. Through these migrations, mixed races started to rise when interracial marriage were born and started to increase in the United States. The movement of multiracial identity by more than one ethnicity has taken place and strong. Statistics from the year 2010 census in the United States shows that the largest multiracial groups were white and black which is 1. 8 million. The other 1. 7 millions are white and some other race, white and Asian is 1. 6, white and American Indian and Alaskan Native is 1. 4 million. I have learned that the largest growing group in multiracial is white and black which is about 134%. That is more than 1 million people. MIX RACIAL AND CULTURAL GROUP According to Susan Saulny of the New York Times, title Race Remixed, said that â€Å"sea of change is how we think about race, ethnicity and its place in society†. I believe that a challenge to trend towards multiracial from a sociological perspective is a leap that we should take. The understanding of racial and ethnic categories of their boundaries can be a problem to other multiracial groups. I think that ancestry is the biggest influence in identities through a number of generations through migrations. I also believe that each multi mix or racial group should be treated the same regardless of their identity. If they are legally citizens of the United States, they have the right to be treated equally. I believe that they have contributed to the wellbeing and welfare of the United States through their services in employment within the government, military or private companies. Regardless of the race and ethnicity, they should be treated and considered Americans. President Obama is good example of what I mean about treating them the same no matter what color of their skin or where they are from. I know that some of these mix race entities are trying to separate themselves with-in the United States but when they travel to other countries of the world, they considered be call Americans. As a citizen of New Zealand, I am proud to call myself to be an American and I respect the land that my children were born. What can the United States or these multiracial groups gain from wanting to be separated from their identity. Through my search online, I came across Mrs. Karissa Sulliva’s draft and she said that ancestry influences identities. She said that socialization is the crucible of racial and ethnic identity formation. Farley in 2002, construct racial and ethnic classifications which was adopted by the government for each race or reconsidered themselves to either refuse to identify their own race and ethnic category. MIX RACIAL AND CULTURAL GROUP. I believe that mix racial and cultural groups are increasing daily by the number throughout the United States. However, research shows that children with an original multiracial identity grow up to be happier than those of single-race identity. Some of the statistics shows that another addition to the growth of mix race is through adoption of children from countries outside of the United States. According to Fact’s for Families 2010, parents are coping with these pressures in having open communications with the families about their culture and race. Encouragement and support in every multicultural group for families to be familiar with their language, traditions and customs within their families. They have to support and try to establish a good relationship by creating a network for their children, parents, family member, relatives and the community. In conclusion, the separation and classifications between mix racial and multicultural groups is not an easy task or thing to do. Two of my children are married to different ethnic. My oldest daughter is married to an African American and my son is married to a girl who is beautiful and white but has about four or five mix blood in her. I believe in democracy and the United States is nowhere in having a separation of any mix race and cultural group who are living in the United States. God Bless America, God bless the people of the United States. References: Perez, Anthony Daniel, Hirschman, Charles. The Changing Racial and Ethnic. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882688/ The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (March-2011). Facts for Families, no. 71 Multiracial Children. http://www. aacap. org/galleries/FactsForFamilies/71_multiracial_children. pdf Dr. Nicole Martinez and Mrs. Karissa Sullivan. May 6, 2013 .docx.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)